Neuro Fundamentals

Neuro Fundamentals The Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER-Divided into 2 parts: The Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System Central Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER-Consist of brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER-Consist of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves and all their branches, and nerve fibers outside the brain and spinal cord. Afferent Messages - CORRECT ANSWER-Messages sent from sensory receptors via the PNS *TO* the CNS. Efferent Messages - CORRECT ANSWER-Messages sent *FROM* the CNS to the muscles and glands. As well as autonomic messages that govern the internal organs and blood vessels. Brain - CORRECT ANSWER-Houses the cerebral cortex, 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal. As well as the diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem. Cerbral cortex - CORRECT ANSWER-The outer layer of the nerve cell bodies. Looks like gray matter. Center for the humans highest functions (voluntary movement, memory, thought, reasoning, and sensation). Hemispheres - CORRECT ANSWER-Seperates cerebral cortex into right and left Lobes - CORRECT ANSWER-Seperates the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex. Includes: temporal, frontal, occipital, and parietal Frontal Lobe (5) - CORRECT ANSWER--Personality, behavior, emotions, intellectual functions, ability to write words, and speech. Contains the Broca's area: controls motor speech. What happens when the Broca's area is damaged? - CORRECT ANSWER-Expressive Aphasia Expressive Aphasia - CORRECT ANSWER-A person can't talk but fully understands and knows what they want to say. Unable to produce understandable words and are only able to produce a garbled sound. Parietal Lobe (3) - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Sensation 2. Ability to recognize body parts 3. Left vs. Right Temporal Lobe (5) - CORRECT ANSWER-1.Hearing 3. smell 4. Primary auditory reception center 5. Language comprehension (wernicke's area) What area of the brain is language comprehension and where is is located? - CORRECT ANSWER-Wernicke's area, temporal lobe What happens if the Wernicke's area is damaged? - CORRECT ANSWER-Receptive Aphasia Receptive Aphasia - CORRECT ANSWER-person hears sound but it has no meaning, like hearing a foregin language. Occipital lobe (2) - CORRECT ANSWER--Primary visual receptor -Understanding written material What could happen if occipital lobe is damaged? - CORRECT ANSWER-A person can not understand what they see on paper. Cerebellum (3) - CORRECT ANSWER-Balance, equilibrium, coordination Diencephalon - CORRECT ANSWER-Contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and the epithalamus Brain Stem (3) - CORRECT ANSWER-Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWER-Housed within the CNS. Main highway for ascending and descending fiber tracts that connect the brain to the spinal nerves. Houses the meninges, vertebrae, and cerbrospinal fluid Reflexes - CORRECT ANSWER-basic defense mechanism of nervous system, INVOLUNTARY, below level of consciousness control; helps maintain muscle tone and balance Spinal Nerves - CORRECT ANSWER-31 pairs; cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacaral and coccygeal. Arise from the length of the spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve. Contains dermatomes. Serve as biological insurance in that if one nerve is severed, most sensations can be transmitted by the one above and the one below (adjacent to) will take over the one that is damaged. Dermatomes - CORRECT ANSWER-skin areas supplied from one spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve Cranial nerves - CORRECT ANSWER-12 pairs, originate in the brain, contain sensory and motor fibers. Control many activities in the body. Olfactory - CORRECT ANSWER-responsible for smell; sensory. Optic - CORRECT ANSWER-responsible for vision; sensory Oculomotor (3) - CORRECT ANSWER-mixed (primarily motor) responsible for Extra ocular movements, pupillary reflex, opening of eye lids Trochlear (1) - CORRECT ANSWER-motor; eye muscle movement down and inward movement Trigeminal (3) - CORRECT ANSWER-mixed; Muscle of mastication (chewing muscles), sensation of face, scalp, cornea, mucus membrane of mouth and nose Abducens - CORRECT ANSWER-motor; lateral movement of eye Facial (6 functions) - CORRECT ANSWER-mixed; facial muscles close eye,labial speech, close mouth, taste (only the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue), saliva, and tear secretion Acoustic - CORRECT ANSWER-sensory; hearing and equilbrium Glossopharyngeal - CORRECT ANSWER-mixed; gag and swallowing reflexes; posterior 1/3 of tongue (taste) Vagus - CORRECT ANSWER-mixed; talking and swallowing; cartoid reflex Spinal (accessory) - CORRECT ANSWER-motor; movement of trapezius and sternomastoid muscle Hypoglossal - CORRECT ANSWER-motor; movement of tongue when people have strokes this is the damaged nerve Devleopmental Considerations: Infants - CORRECT ANSWER-System not fully developed at birth. 1. Neurons not yet myelinated (they begin to as they get older). 2. Gradual myelination occurs from cephalocaudal/ proixmodistal. 3. Movements directed primarily by primitive reflexes What are the 5 primitive reflexes? - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Sucking 2. Rooting 3. Babinski 4. Palmar/Plantar Grasp