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Summary PSY1004F Exam Notes. Learning (Chapter 7)

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summary of learning section to psy1004f. summary is made up of my lecture notes and mostly textbook information

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  • 23 juin 2017
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Learning
Learning
 Process by which experience produces a relatively enduring and adaptive
change in an organism’s capacity for behaviour


Habituation
 Simple learning mechanism
o Occurs as a response to a single stimulus
 Decrease in the strength of a response to a repeated
 Get used to the stimulus
 Example
o Door slams repeatedly
o Doesn’t give you a fright after a few times


Sensitization
 Simple learning mechanism
o Occurs as a response to a single stimulus
 Increased response strength to a repeated stimulus
 Example
o Examiner patrolling the exam hall with loud shoes
o Irritates you more and more

,Classical Conditioning
Definition
 Learned association between two stimuli so that one comes to elicit a
response originally only elicited by the other stimulus

Terms
Neutral stimulus
 Stimulus that does not elicit the CR
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
 Stimulus that elicits a reflexive/unconditioned response
 No conditioning needed
Unconditioned Response (UCR)/ Reflexive response
 Natural response to a stimulus
o Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
 No conditioning needed
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
 Stimulus that elicits a conditioned response
o Through association with a UCS
o Response similar to the UCR
Conditioned Response (CR)
 Response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
Learning Trial
 The pairing of a CS and UCS
o Takes several learning trails for a CR to develop
Extinction trial
 Every occurrence of the CS without the UCS
 Causes a CR to weaken
 Many cause a CR to disappear

,Basic Principles
Acquisition
 Period in which a response is learned
Extinction
 Process where CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS
 Cause the CR to weaken and eventually disappear
 Process of inhibiting the CR
o Not a process of unlearning
o Shown by Spontaneous recovery
Spontaneous Recovery
 Reappearance of an extinguished CR
o After a rest period
o Without new learning trials
Stimulus Generalization
 Stimuli similar to CS that elicit the CR to that CS
Discrimination
 When a CR occurs to one stimulus, but not others
 Prevents Stimulus generalization
Higher-order conditioning
 Process whereby a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with
an already established CS
 UCS not necessary in the process
One trial/single trial learning
 The formation of a CR to a UCS with only one learning trial
 Needs a very intense UCS
o More intense= quicker learning
 Usually a traumatic event

Types of pairing
Forward pairing
 Cs appears first
 CS still present when UCS appears
 Quickest learning
Simultaneous pairing
 Presenting CS & UCS simultaneously
 Less rapid learning than forward pairing
Backward pairing
 CS presented after UCS
 Slowest learning

, Applications of classical conditioning
Acquiring/Overcoming fear
 Used if fear becomes a CR to a conditioned stimulus
 Exposure therapies
o Exposing a patient to a CS that has a CR of fear
o Without the UCS
o Allows extinction to occur
 Systematic desensitization
o Patient learns muscle-relaxing techniques
o Gradually exposed to fear provoking stimulus
 Flooding
o Immediately expose patient to phobic stimulus
Attraction and aversion
 Classical conditioning effect what we are attracted/not attracted to
o Example
 Girlfriend always lights candles before sexy time
 Candles now elicit arousal
 Aversion therapy
o Conditions an aversion/repulsion to a stimulus that triggers
unwanted behaviour
 By pairing the stimulus with a noxious UCS
o Example
 Giving drug that gives someone a headache as soon as they
ingest alcohol
o Mixed Results
 Short term changes that extinguish over time
Health and sickness
 Can use Classical conditioning to teach our bodies how to respond to a
stimulus
o Respond to promote health
o Respond to harm health
 Classical conditioning can account for unexplained physical symptoms
 Allergic Reaction
o Allergic to pollen in flower
 Causes sore throat
o Artificial smell of the flower that doesn’t contain pollen
 Causes sore throat
 Anticipatory Nausea & vomiting (ANV)
o Becoming noxious and vomiting before chemotherapy
 The Immune System
o Use Classical conditioning to get a anything to increase immune
function
o Example
 Feed someone an apple and at the same time give them an
immune boosting/depressing injection
 After a while just the apple will boost/depress the immune
system

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