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AQA A level psychology summary notes- biopsychology & QUIZLET ACCESS

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Detailed Revision Notes of the Biopsychology topic of AQA A-Level Psychology produced by me using both the textbook and class notes. Has both the AO1 and AO3 needed to gain top marks. Also includes the link and password to my quizlet set on this topic (on the last page). Revision notes from other t...

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Biopsychology
THE NERVOUS & ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Central Nervous System
 Made up of the brain and spinal cord which
are connected by the brain stem
 Controls involuntary functions
Brain
 Provides conscious awareness and is involved
in all psychological processes
 Occipital Lobe
o Processes visual information
 Temporal Lobe
o Auditory information
 Parietal Lobe
o Information from different senses & for
spatial navigation
 Frontal Lobe
o High order functions
 E.g. planning, abstract reasoning & logic
Spinal cord
 Transfers messages to & from the brain and rest of the body
 Responsible for simple reflex actions

Peripheral Nervous System
 Transmits messages (via millions of neurons) to & from CNS
 Divided into Autonomic and Somatic Nervous System
Somatic NS
 Maintains communication between CNS and outside world
 Controls muscle movement and receives information between sensory receptors
 Sensory Receptors
o Carry information to spinal cord & brain
 Motor Pathways
o Allows brain to control movement
Autonomic NS
 Important for homeostasis
 Governs vital functions
o E.g. breathing, digestion, sexual arousal
 Consists of only motor pathways
 Sympathetic NS
o Involved in responses that prepare body for fight or flight
 E.g. increases heart rate, blood pressure
 Parasympathetic NS
o Returns body to normal state after fight or flight response
o ‘rest and digest’ response

,The Endocrine System
Hypothalamus
 Connected to pituitary gland
 Responsible for stimulating/controlling the release of hormones from pituitary gland
 Control system which regulates the endocrine system
Pituitary Gland
 Releases hormones which control and stimulate the release of hormones from other glands in
the system
 Anterior Lobe (front)
o Releases adrenocortical trophic hormone (ACTH)
o Stimulates the adrenal cortex and the release of cortisol
 Posterior Lobe (back)
o Releases oxytocin
o Responsible for uterus contraction during childbirth
Pineal Gland
 Releases melatonin
o Responsible for important biological rhythms e.g. sleep-wake cycle
Thyroid Gland
 Releases thyroxine
o Responsible for regulating metabolism
Adrenal Gland
 Adrenal Medulla
o Releases adrenaline & noradrenalin (key role in fight or flight)
 Adrenal Cortex
o Releases cortisol (stimulates release of glucose while suppressing the immune system)
Testes
 Releases androgens (including testosterone)
 Responsible for development of male sex characteristics during puberty & muscle growth
Ovaries
 Releases oestrogen
 Controls regulation of reproductive system (including menstrual cycle & pregnancy)

Fight or Flight System

Amy (amygdala)
Hit (hypothalamus)
Sam (SAM pathway)
Sophie (SNS)
Made (Medulla)

Awful (adrenaline)
Noise (Noradrenaline



What does Adrenaline do?
 Body goes into sympathetic state (physiological arousal)
 Increases heart rate
o Increases blood flow to organs & increases movement of adrenaline around the body.
 Increases breathing rate
o To increase oxygen intake.
 Pupil dilation
o To increase light intake and vision (especially in the dark).
 Sweat production

, o To regulate temperature.
 Reduction of non-essential functions (e.g. digestive system, urination, salivation)
o To increase energy for other essential functions.

AO3 PARAGRAPHS
P- One issue with the fight or flight explanation is that human behaviour is not limited to just two
responses.
E- For example, Gray (1988) suggested that the first response to danger is to avoid confrontation
altogether, which is demonstrated by a ‘freeze’ response.
E- During the freeze response humans are hyper-vigilant while they appraise the situation to decide
the best course of action for that particular threat.
L- Therefore, the fight or flight explanation of behaviour is limited and doesn’t fully explain the
complex cognitive and biological factors that underpin the human response to stress/danger.

P- A final issue with the fight or flight response is that it can have a negative/detrimental effect on
health, especially in modern day life.
E- While the fight or flight response may have been a useful survival mechanism for our ancestors
who faced genuinely life-threatening situations (e.g., from predators), modern day life rarely requires
such an intense biological response.
E- Therefore, the activation of the fight or flight response can increase blood pressure and cause
damage to blood vessels and contribute to heart disease.
L- This suggests that the fight or flight response is a maladaptive response in modern-day life.

NEURONS & SYNAPTIC LINKS
Sensory Neurons
 Found in receptor cells e.g. eyes & skin
 Carry messages from PNS to CNS
 These impulses are translated as ‘sensations’
e.g. touch
 Not all sensory neurons reach the brain, some
stop at the spinal cord resulting in reflex actions

Relay Neurons
 Found between sensory input and motor
output/response
 Found in brain and spinal cord
 Allow sensory and motor neurons to communicate

Motor Neuron
 Found in CNS
 Control muscle movement
 When stimulated they release neurotransmitters that
bind to the receptors on muscles to trigger a response


Structure of a Neuron
Dendrites: receive signals from other neurons/sensory receptor cells, connected to the cell body
Axon: long fibre which carries nerve impulses, in the form of electrical signal (action potential)
Myelin Sheath: surrounds most axons, insulating it so electrical impulses travel faster along the axon
 Segmented by gaps called nodes of Ranvier, if continuous, it would slow impulses down
because the gaps force the impulse to ‘jump’ across gaps
Axon terminal: connects neurons to other neurons (or directly to organs) using synaptic transmission

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