TEST BANKS PSYCH 1000

MODULE 9.1 1) Which of these might be an example of a performance item on the Wechsler tests of intelligence? a. repeating a series of digits b. defining a word such as lunch c. using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture d. adding a series of orally presented numbers Answer: c Page Reference: 356 2) The Binet scale was originally developed to __________. a. identify children who might have difficulty in school b. identify gifted children c. measure scholastic achievement d. measure the intelligence of normal children Answer: a Page Reference: 354 1) Which of the following is the best psychological description for intelligence? a. how creative a person is b. how much a person knows c. how well a person can understand, reason, and cognitively adapt to obstacles d. how "street smart" a person is Correct: Intelligence is the ability to think, understand, reason, and cognitively adapt to and overcome obstacles. Thus, intelligence reflects not just how much you know, but how you recognize and solve problems. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. contact: 2) The average score on most IQ tests is a. 15. b. 100. c. 150. d. 500. Correct: For most intelligence tests, the norm or average score is 100. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 355 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 3) Francis has his intelligence tested and receives a score of 100. Given the norm for most intelligence tests, Francis' score is a. extremely below average. b. slightly below average. c. average. d. above average. Correct: For most intelligence tests, the norm or average score is 100. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 354–355 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 4) Misha receives a score of 115 on a standardized intelligence test. This indicates that Misha is _______ standard deviations __________ average. a. one; below b. one; above c. three; below. d. three; above. Correct: For most intelligence tests, the norm or average score is 100, with a standard deviation of 15. Therefore, a score of 115 is one standard deviation above the mean. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 355 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 5) Binet and Simon considered children behind in their schooling if their a. mental age equalled their chronological age. b. mental age were lower than their chronological age. c. mental age were higher than their chronological age. d. mental age did not equal their chronological age. Correct: Binet and Simon used the concept of mental age, the average or typical test score for a specific chronological age, to measure achievement. A child with a mental age lower than his or her actual (chronological) age would be considered behind in his or her schooling. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 6) Binet and Simon measured children using what new concept? a. divergent thinking b. mental set c. mental age d. creativity Correct: Binet and Simon used the concept of mental age, the average or typical test score for a specific chronological age, to measure academic achievement. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 7) Binet and Simon originally developed their famous test to a. identify children who might have difficulty in school. b. identify gifted children. c. measure the intelligence of adults. d. measure the intelligence of normal children. Correct: In 1904, the French government created the Commission on the Education of Retarded Children. As part of this commission, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed a method of assessing children's academic achievement at school, which was then used to identify students who would need extra assistance. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 8) ________, a professor of psychology at Stanford University, revised Binet and Simon's test so it could be used with American school children. a. William Stern b. Lewis Terman c. Henri Simon d. David Wechsler Correct: Lewis Terman at Stanford University had the achievement test developed by Binet and Simon translated to English and extended the test beyond school ages to include very highachieving adults. This modified test, published in 1916, was named the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 9) ________ devised a simple formula for calculating an index of intelligence, or intelligence quotient (IQ). a. Theo Simon b. Lewis Terman c. Franz Gall d. Louis Thurstone Correct: Terman adopted William Stern’s concept of the intelligence quotient, or IQ , a label that has stuck to the present day. IQ is calculated by taking a person’s mental age, dividing it by his chronological age, and then multiplying by 100. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 10) The formula that uses chronological age (CA) and mental age (MA) to calculate the intelligence quotient is: a. (MA ÷ CA) × 100. b. CA ÷ MA × 100. c. (MA × CA) ÷ 100. d. 100 ÷ (MA + CA). Correct: Terman adopted William Stern’s concept of the intelligence quotient, or IQ , a label that has stuck to the present day. IQ is calculated by taking a person’s mental age, dividing it by his chronological age, and then multiplying by 100. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 11) Who has the highest IQ? a. Clarissa, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 9. b. Matt, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 10. c. Cecilee, with a mental age of 9 and a chronological age of 7. d. Morgan, with a mental age of 7 and a chronological age of 7. Correct: The original formula for calculating the intelligence quotient (IQ) was mental age ÷ chronological age × 100. Because Cecilee is the only one whose mental age is greater than her chronological age, she is the only one with an IQ greater than 100. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 12) Twelve-year-old Arnold received an IQ test score of 75. Using the original definition for IQ, what is his mental age? a. 9 b. 10 c. 5 d. 7 Correct: The original formula for calculating the intelligence quotient (IQ) was mental age ÷ chronological age × 100. Using this equation, a 12-year-old would have an IQ of 75 if his mental age were 9, (9 ÷ 12) = 0.75; 0.75 × 100 = 75. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 13) What is the IQ of a 10-year-old with a mental age of 8? a. 125 b. 80 c. 1.25 d. 0.8 Correct: The original formula for calculating the intelligence quotient (IQ) was mental age ÷ chronological age × 100. Using this equation, a 10-year-old with a mental age of 8 would have an IQ of 80, (8 ÷ 10) = 0.8; 0.8 × 100 = 80. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 14) Based on IQ score as calculated by Terman, a student with an IQ score of 120 is likely to answer IQ test questions like someone who is age _____, even though the student is _____. a. 10; 12 b. 12; 11 c. 10; 8 d. 12; 10 Correct: The original formula for calculating the intelligence quotient (IQ) was mental age ÷ chronological age × 100. Using this equation, a 10-year-old with a mental age of 12 would have an IQ of 120, (12 ÷ 10) = 1.2; 1.2 × 100 = 120. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 15) One of the odd twists in the history of psychology is that Binet and Simon's test started out as a way to measure____________, but was adapted by others into a measure of ________________. a. academic achievement; innate intelligence b. innate intelligence; academic achievement c. chronological age; mental age d. mental age; chronological age Correct: Binet had viewed his original test as a measure of achievement, not as a measure of an innate capacity. Nonetheless, the Stanford-Binet test, an adapted version of the original test, quickly came to be used as a measure of innate intelligence. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 354 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 16) What is the most commonly used intelligence for testing adolescents and adults? a. Standford-Binet b. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) c. Binet-Simon d. Raven's Progressive Matrices Correct: The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is the most commonly used intelligence test used with adolescents and adults. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 355 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 17) The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale provides a Full Scale IQ measurement, but also breaks intelligence into which two indices? a. General Ability and Cognitive Proficiency b. Emotional Intelligence and Academic Intelligence c. Visual and Auditory d. Achievement and Aptitude Correct: The WAIS provides a single IQ score for each test taker—the Full Scale IQ—but also breaks intelligence into a General Ability Index (GAI) and a Cognitive Proficiency Index (CPI). Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 355 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 18) Sam and Julie each scored 110 on the WAIS. Based on their scores, which is true? a. If Sam scored high in math, then Julie scored high in math. b. If Sam scored high in comprehension, then Julie scored high in comprehension. c. Two people with the same IQ score could have very different abilities. d. Two people with the same IQ score should have the same abilities. Correct: The Full Scale IQ score for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is computed from several indexes, which each measure different aspects of intelligence. Therefore, it is entirely possible that two people with the same Full Scale IQ have different scores on the various indexes. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 355 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 19) Zoe wants to test the IQ of a group of ESL students who do not speak any English. What test might you recommend to her? a. Stanford-Binet b. Raven's Progressive Matrices c. WAIS d. Binet-Simon Correct: Raven's Progressive Matrices is an intelligence test that emphasizes problems that are intended not to be bound to a particular language or culture. The other tests listed require knowledge of the test developer's language and culture to varying degrees. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 355–356 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 20) Which of the following kinds of items would most likely be found on a culture-free IQ test? a. visual pattern completion b. sentence completion c. vocabulary recognition d. general information Correct: Culture-free tests attempt to measure intelligence in a way that is independent of culture and language. Test items that involve visual patterns and pictures are commonly used in culturefree tests, such as Raven's Progressive Matrices. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 355–357 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 21) What is a dominant characteristic of culture-free IQ tests? a. Minimal verbal skills are required. b. They feature a large number of items pertaining to the test taker's culture. c. They offer a large percentage of math-based questions to reduce the strain on language. d. They are always administered orally. Correct: Culture-free tests attempt to measure intelligence in a way that is independent of culture and language. This means that culture-free tests tend to rely on minimal verbal skills. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 355–357 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 22) The cousin of Charles Darwin who suggested that the unusual eminence of his own family was due to genetic gifts was a. Alfred Binet. b. James Cattell. c. Henri Simon. d. Sir Francis Galton. Correct: Sir Francis Galton used heredity to explain the eminence of his family, which included notable scholars such as his cousin, Charles Darwin. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 357–358 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand the reasoning behind the eugenics movements and its use of intelligence tests. 23) Which of the following is representative of Sir Francis Galton's perspective on intelligence? a. Galton believed that intelligence was determined 50% by environment and 50% by genes. b. Galton placed a lot of stock in heredity and believed that genes significantly influenced intelligence. c. Galton was an environmentalist and believed that social factors significantly influenced intelligence. d. Galton believed that intelligence was a trait that changed significantly over time. Correct: Sir Francis Galton believed that intelligence was inherited, and was not determined by environmental factors. Because Galton believed that intelligence was not the result of factors such as practice and experience, he believed that it was a very stable trait. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 357–358 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand the reasoning behind the eugenics movements and its use of intelligence tests. 24) Which researcher tried to measure intelligence by using perceptual tests? a. Alfred Binet b. Theodore Simon c. Sir Francis Galton d. Charles Spearman Correct: Sir Francis Galton became one of the first to try to scientifically measure intelligence through a program of research he called anthropometrics. Specifically, he presented a series of perceptual tests to hundreds of people. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 353 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 25) According to your textbook, researchers have found a strong positive relationship between intelligence and ________________. a. working memory capacity b. visual acuity c. typing speed d. schizophrenia Correct: Greater working memory capacity and processing speed allow more cognitive resources to be devoted to reasoning and solving problems. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 355 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 26) Which of the following is true about the relationship between the brain and intelligence scores? a. Brain size, but not the degree of convolution, is correlated with intelligence scores. b. The degree of convolution, but not brain size, is correlated with intelligence scores. c. Both the size and degree of convolution of the cortex are correlated with intelligence scores. d. Neither the size, nor the degree of convolution of the cortex, are correlated with intelligence scores. Correct: The size of the cortex and increased convolutions (gyri) are associated with higher intelligence scores. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 381 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence. 27) Which of the following was true about the brain of Albert Einstein? a. It was heavier than the average human brain. b. It was smaller and lighter than the average human brain. c. Its weight was average for a human brain. d. It was never studied. Correct: The average human brain is between 1300 and 1400 grams. Einstein's brain measured 1230 grams. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 377 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence. 28) Which of the following best describes the relationship between a person's brain size, and his or her intelligence? a. There is no relationship between brain size and intelligence. b. Brain size is correlated with intelligence, but the relationship is complicated and poorly understood. c. Large brain size is a consistent predictor of high intellectual ability. d. Small brain size is a consistent predictor of high intellectual ability. Correct: While brain size is moderately correlated with intelligence, other factors may account for individual differences. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 381 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence. 29) Who was the inventor of the statistical technique called factor analysis, a method that compares results of different correlational measures to identify patterns, or "factors," among them? a. Alfred Binet b. Henri Simon c. Sir Francis Galton d. Charles Spearman Correct: Charles Spearman developed techniques to calculate correlations among multiple measures of mental abilities. One of these techniques, known as factor analysis, is a statistical technique that reveals similarities among a wide variety of items. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 365 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 30) Who would have supported the notion that intelligence resulted from a single ability and could be represented by a single test score? a. Gardner b. Spearman c. Sternberg d. Thurstone Correct: Charles Spearman hypothesized the existence of a general intelligence (g), which could be represented by a single test score. In contrast, many other researchers have suggested the existence of separate or multiple intelligences. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 365 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 31) According to Spearman, it is one's ________ intelligence that produces the positive correlations found between math, reading scores, and visual perception tests. a. general b. emotional c. crystallized d. fluid Correct: Charles Spearman hypothesized the existence of a general intelligence (g). Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 365 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 32) Ms. Bouvier is a first grade teacher. She has just given Chelsea a reading test. Chelsea scored very high in word recognition, so Ms. Bouvier assumes she will score high on the rest of the test. It is clear that Ms. Bouvier believes in the ____________ factor of intelligence. a. g b. s c. a d. r Correct: Charles Spearman hypothesized the existence of a general intelligence (abbreviated as g)—a concept that intelligence is a basic cognitive trait comprising the ability to learn, reason, and solve problems regardless of their nature. According to this concept, a person who was good at reading, would also be good at a number of tasks, because they would all be determined by the same factor (i.e., g). Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 365 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 33) Terence is a skilled musician, writer, computer programmer, and problem solver. The fact that Terence is good at so many diverse activities supports the notion of _____________ intelligence. a. modal b. transferable c. triarchic d. general Correct: Charles Spearman hypothesized the existence of a general intelligence (abbreviated as g)—a concept that intelligence is a basic cognitive trait comprising the ability to learn, reason, and solve problems regardless of their nature. According to this concept, a person who was good at one cognitive task, would also be good at a number of tasks, because they would all be determined by the same factor (i.e., g). Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 365 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 34) Because Ken's history professor was a college student during the 1970s, he has extraordinary insight and knowledge of facts concerning the Vietnam War era. This knowledge is associated with the term a. crystallized intelligence. b. fluid intelligence. c. general intelligence. d. multiple intelligence. Correct: Crystallized intelligence (Gc), is a form of intelligence that relies on extensive experience and knowledge and, therefore, tends to be relatively stable and robust. In this example, the history professor's knowledge and insight into the Vietnam War era is a form of Gc. In contrast, fluid intelligence (Gf), is a type of intelligence that is used to adapt to new situations and solve new problems without relying on previous knowledge. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 369 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand why intelligence is divided into fluid and crystallized types. 35) Brandon can name all 50 U.S. states and capitals. Which type of intelligence is he relying most on? a. semantic b. fluid c. crystallized d. static Correct: Crystallized intelligence (Gc) is a form of intelligence that relies on extensive experience and knowledge and, therefore, tends to be relatively stable and robust. In contrast, fluid intelligence (Gf) is a type of intelligence that is used to adapt to new situations and solve new problems without relying on previous knowledge. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 369 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand why intelligence is divided into fluid and crystallized types. 36) Megan is very good at solving problems, even though she has had very little formal training. For example, Megan was able to solve the difficult Rubik's Cube puzzle the first time she tried. Megan clearly has a high degree of ____________ intelligence. a. semantic b. fluid c. crystallized d. static Correct: Fluid intelligence (Gf) is a type of intelligence that is used to adapt to new situations and solve new problems without relying on previous knowledge. In contrast, crystallized intelligence (Gc) is a form of intelligence that relies on extensive experience and knowledge and, therefore, tends to be relatively stable and robust. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 369 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand why intelligence is divided into fluid and crystallized types. 37) ____________ intelligence allows people to solve problems that they have not previously experienced, while _____________ intelligence involves applying previous experience and knowledge to solving a problem. a. Crystallized; fluid b. Fluid; crystallized c. Analytical; practical d. Practical; analytical Correct: Fluid intelligence (Gf) is a type of intelligence that is used to adapt to new situations and solve new problems without relying on previous knowledge. In contrast, crystallized intelligence (Gc) is a form of intelligence that relies on extensive experience and knowledge and, therefore, tends to be relatively stable and robust. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 369 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand why intelligence is divided into fluid and crystallized types. 38) Vocabulary tests primarily measure ________________ intelligence. a. crystallized b. fluid c. creative d. existential Correct: Crystallized intelligence (Gc) is a form of intelligence that relies on extensive experience and knowledge and, therefore, tends to be relatively stable and robust. Vocabulary tests measure Gc because they test for prior knowledge (i.e., the meaning of words). Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 369 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand why intelligence is divided into fluid and crystallized types. 39) It is generally the case that most great scientists have their ground-breaking ideas when they are in early to middle adulthood, but rarely when they are older. What might explain this fact? a. The brain shrinks with age. b. General intelligence declines steeply after middle adulthood. c. Fluid intelligence peaks in middle adulthood, and then declines in later life. d. Crystallized intelligence peaks in middle adulthood, and then declines in later life. Correct: Crystallized intelligence tends to increase throughout life, but fluid intelligence peaks around early to middle adulthood. Because making ground-breaking discoveries can require problem solving that requires new ways of thinking, not just acquired knowledge, this is likely the reason scientific breakthroughs decline with age. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 369–370 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand why intelligence is divided into fluid and crystallized types. 40) Which of the following typically happens to crystallized intelligence as healthy adults age? a. Crystallized intelligence peaks at middle age and then declines. b. Crystallized intelligence is slowly replaced by fluid intelligence. c. Crystallized intelligence remains stable or increases with experience. d. Crystallized intelligence steadily declines throughout the lifespan. Correct: Fluid intelligence peaks around early to middle adulthood and then declines. In contrast, crystallized intelligence tends not to decrease in healthy adults, and may even increase with experience. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 369–370 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand why intelligence is divided into fluid and crystallized types. 41) Which of the following is a healthy older adult most likely to do as well—or even better than —a younger adult? a. pattern recognition b. a geometric puzzle c. a vocabulary test d. a timed problem-solving task Correct: Fluid intelligence peaks around early to middle adulthood and then declines. In contrast, crystallized intelligence tends not to decrease in healthy adults, and may even increase with experience. Vocabulary tests primarily measure crystallized intelligence, whereas the other options involve fluid intelligence. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 369–370 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand why intelligence is divided into fluid and crystallized types. 42) Which of the following is a younger adult most likely to do better than a healthy older adult? a. naming the capitals of provinces b. solving a geometric puzzle c. defining vocabulary words d. calculating the area of a circle from the length of the radius Correct: Fluid intelligence peaks around early to middle adulthood and then declines. In contrast, crystallized intelligence tends not to decrease in healthy adults, and may even increase with experience. Solving a geometric puzzle relies on fluid intelligence, whereas the other options rely primarily on crystallized intelligence. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 369–370 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand why intelligence is divided into fluid and crystallized types. 43) Janet has an IQ score that is much lower than average and has been diagnosed as having a form of autism. Despite her disabilities, Janet can perform incredible feats of mental arithmetic, including finding the square root of five-digit numbers without a calculator or paper and pencil! Janet would be classified as a a. kinetic learner. b. crystallized thinker. c. fluid thinker. d. savant. Correct: Savants are individuals with low mental capacity in most domains but extraordinary abilities in other specific areas such as music, mathematics, or art. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 364 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 44) Which of the following does NOT support the idea of multiple intelligences? a. Head injury can lead to the loss of one ability but not others. b. People who score highly on intelligence tests often excel in a number of areas. c. Intelligent people vary a great deal in terms of physical, social, and artistic skills. d. Savants may have low mental capacities, but excel at specific abilities. Correct: The fact that high intelligence scores often predict a person will excel in a number of different areas supports the concept of general intelligence, not multiple intelligences. All of the other options support the existence of distinct intelligences. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 365–367 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 45) What three types of intelligence constitute Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence? a. global, intuitive, and special b. general, global, and specific c. mathematical, reasoning, and verbal d. analytical, creative, and practical Correct: Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory is a model of intelligence consisting of three domains: analytical intelligence, practical intelligence, and creative intelligence. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 371 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 46) According to Robert Sternberg, ____________ is the ability to come up with new ways of solving problems. a. analytical intelligence b. creative intelligence c. practical intelligence d. general intelligence Correct: According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory, creative intelligence is the ability to create new ideas to solve problems. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 371 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Apply your knowledge to identify examples from the triarchic theory of intelligence. 47) According to Robert Sternberg, _______________ is best described as the ability to use information to address real-world problems. a. analytical intelligence b. creative intelligence c. practical intelligence d. general intelligence Correct: According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory, practical intelligence is the ability to address real-world problems that are encountered in daily life, especially those that occur in an individual's specific work context and family life. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 371 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Apply your knowledge to identify examples from the triarchic theory of intelligence. 48) According to Sternberg's theory, which statement is true? a. Creative intelligence is similar to crystallized intelligence. b. Practical intelligence involves our ability to use original thinking to solve problems. c. Analytical intelligence is similar to Spearman's g factor of intelligence. d. Practical intelligence is similar to Gardner's naturalistic intelligence. Correct: Analytical intelligence is the verbal, mathematical problem-solving type of intelligence that probably comes to mind when we speak of intelligence. It is close to the concept of academic achievement and the notion of intelligence as measured by g. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 365, 371 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 49) According to Sternberg, ________ intelligence is akin to what most people think of when they think of the term intelligence. a. analytical b. creative c. practical d. fluid Correct: Analytical intelligence is the verbal, mathematical problem-solving type of intelligence that probably comes to mind when we speak of intelligence. It is close to the concept of academic achievement and the notion of intelligence as measured by g. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 371 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 50) Frank doesn't necessarily have a high IQ as measured on standardized intelligence tests, but he is well aware of his strengths and weaknesses. He chooses jobs that suit his strengths and is particularly skilled at adapting to any changes in his environment. Frank likely has high ________ intelligence as defined in the triarchic theory. a. creative b. analytical c. experiential d. practical Correct: According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory, practical intelligence is the ability to address real-world problems that are encountered in daily life, especially those that occur in an individual's specific work context and family life. In this example, Frank's ability to choose jobs that suit his abilities and adapt to changes in his life indicates a high degree of practical intelligence. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 371 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your knowledge to identify examples from the triarchic theory of intelligence. 51) A theory of intelligence with eight components was postulated by a. Gardner. b. Spearman. c. Sternberg. d. Terman. Correct: Howard Gardner proposed the concept of multiple intelligences, a model claiming that eight different forms of intelligence exist, each independent from the others. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 371–372 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 52) Gardner and his associates are known for proposing a. the generalized theory of intelligence. b. the triarchic theory of intelligence. c. the theory of multiple intelligences. d. the theory of emotional intelligence. Correct: Howard Gardner proposed the concept of multiple intelligences, a model claiming that eight different forms of intelligence exist, each independent from the others. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 53) According to Gardner, there are ________ types of intelligence. a. two b. four c. six d. nine Correct: Howard Gardner proposed the concept of multiple intelligences, a model claiming that eight (now updated to nine) different forms of intelligence exist, each independent from the others. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 54) Whose theory suggests that Tiger Woods's ability to hit a golf ball might be considered a form of intelligence? a. Spearman b. Galton c. Binet d. Gardner Correct: Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences holds that many different human abilities could be considered forms of intelligence, including linguistic, interpersonal, and bodilykinesthetic (as in Woods's case). Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 55) Which of these is one of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences? a. poetic b. digital c. creative d. naturalist Correct: Naturalist intelligence—the ability to recognize and identify processes in the natural world—is one of Gardner's eight intelligences. The other options are not. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 56) Corrie is well liked by all her classmates. She has lots of friends and is always one of the first people chosen whenever there are group projects. According to Gardner, at which type of intelligence does Corrie likely excel? a. interpersonal b. intrapersonal c. naturalistic d. visuospatial Correct: Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to detect another person's emotional states, motives, and thoughts. In contrast, intrapersonal (self) intelligence involves self-awareness; the ability to accurately judge one's own abilities, and identify one's own emotions and motives. While both types of intelligences may contribute to the fact that Corrie is well liked, interpersonal intelligence is likely to be the most important. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 57) Marcos, a geology professor, has always been fascinated by the study of fossils, shells, and rock formations. According to Gardner, Marcos is strong in the area of ________ intelligence. a. kinesthetic b. naturalist c. visuospatial d. logical Correct: According to Gardner's concept of multiple intelligences, naturalistiintelligence is the ability to recognize and identify processes in the natural world—plants, animals, and so on. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 58) Mrs. Evergreen is an elementary school teacher. She tries to match her teaching style to the way in which each student seems to learn best. For example, she believes some of her students learn best when she illustrates ideas on the board, while other students appear to learn best when they perform hands-on actives. Mrs. Evergreen likely agrees with the existence of a. general intelligence. b. triarchic intelligence. c. the Flynn effect. d. learning styles. Correct: Learning styles are hypothetical ways in which individuals are fundamentally different in how they best acquire information. The most common sets of learning styles include divisions such as visual, auditory, reading/writing, and kinesthetic/tactile. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Applied Objective: Analyze whether teachers should spend time tailoring lessons to each individual student's learning style. 59) The hypothesis that individuals are fundamentally different in how they best acquire information is associated with the concept of a. learning styles. b. triarchic intelligence. c. the Flynn effect. d. general intelligence. Correct: Learning styles are hypothetical ways in which individuals are fundamentally different in how they best acquire information. The most common sets of learning styles include divisions such as visual, auditory, reading/writing, and kinesthetic/tactile. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze whether teachers should spend time tailoring lessons to each individual student's learning style. 60) Many studies have been done to investigate whether people learn better when the teaching method matches a specific learning style. What have these studies found? a. All individuals are either visual or kinesthetic learners. b. All individuals learn best when the teaching method is kinetic/tactile. c. The studies failed to find evidence that individuals have specific learning styles. d. The studies found evidence for at least four distinct learning styles. Correct: The idea that each individual has his or her own learning style might make intuitive sense, but finding evidence to support it has proved difficult. In fact, dozens of studies have failed to show any benefit for studying according to an individual's learning style; this is true even in large-scale reviews analyzing results of dozens of studies. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze whether teachers should spend time tailoring lessons to each individual student's learning style. 61) According to your textbook, how should teachers tailor their instruction styles to maximize learning? a. Teachers should tailor their teaching to fit the material. b. Teachers should tailor their teaching to match each individual student's learning style. c. Teachers should tailor their teaching to match the modal (i.e., most frequent) learning style found in their classroom. d. Teachers should tailor their teaching primarily towards reading/writing learners. Correct: Dozens of studies have failed to show any benefit for studying according to an individual's learning style; this is true even in large-scale reviews analyzing results of dozens of studies. As a result, it would not make sense for teachers to tailor their instructional styles to fit individual students. Instead, teachers should teach in ways that help their students deeply process material rather than merely committing it to memory without much understanding. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 372 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze whether teachers should spend time tailoring lessons to each individual student's learning style. 62) The ”Flynn effect” refers to a. the finding that IQ scores have stayed over time. b. the finding that IQ scores have steadily increased over time. c. the finding that IQ scores have steadily decreased over time. d. the finding that IQ scores are negatively correlated with education levels. Correct: The Flynn effect refers to the steady population-level increases in intelligence test scores over time. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 385 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence. 63) When researchers had the same individuals take an intelligence test that had been developed in 1978 and another test that had been developed in 1947, they found that a. they scored about 8 points higher on the newer test. b. they scored about 8 points higher on the older test. c. they scored about the same on both tests. d. some individuals scored higher on the old test, and some scored higher on the newer test. Correct: When participants took both the newer and older tests, they scored higher on the older test. Because each test was normed when it was developed so that a score of 100 was average, this suggests that average performance on intelligence tests increased over time. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 385 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence. 64) Henrietta's grandfather used to be a psychologist in the 1950s. While going through his old papers, Henrietta finds an old intelligence test that was tested and normed over fifty years earlier. Just for fun, Henrietta decides to take the test, which gives her an IQ of 110. Which of the following is true? a. She would probably receive a similar score from a more recent test. b. The score is probably too high, because the average score on the test when it was normed is lower than it would be today. c. The score is probably too low, because the average score on the test when it was normed was lower than it would be today. d. The score is probably too high, because the average score on the test when it was normed was higher than it would be today. Correct: When older intelligence tests are taken, individuals typically have higher IQs than they do on modern tests. This is because the average score on these tests was lower when they were normed. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 385 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence. 65) According to the Flynn effect, for at least several generations, a. the IQ scores of the children are higher than those of their parents. b. the IQ scores of the children are lower than those of their parents. c. the IQ scores of both children and parents have remained about the same. d. there is no correlation between the IQ scores of children and their parents. Correct: The Flynn effect refers to the steady population level increases in intelligence test scores over time. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 385 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence. 66) According to your textbook, which of the following is true regarding the population-level increases in intelligence test scores over time? a. The increase indicates that children today are actually smarter than their parents were. b. The increase is due to the fact that people are better test takers, not that they are smarter. c. The increase is an illusion created by the way intelligence tests are normed. d. The reasons for the increase are unclear, but may reflect the increased ability to process information quickly. Correct: It is unclear whether the Flynn effect is due to an actual increase in intelligence or simply an increase in test performance. One current theory suggests that exposure to technology has made recent generations better at processing information quickly. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 385 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence. 67) Which of the following is true concerning ”twin study” research findings? a. Identical twins and fraternal twins share similarly high IQ correlations. b. Fraternal twins have more similar IQ scores than identical twins. c. Identical twins have more similar IQ scores than fraternal twins. d. Identical twins raised together have less similar scores than identical twins raised apart. Correct: Identical twins are more alike in intelligence than are fraternal twins. Specifically, identical twins' intelligence scores have a correlation of approximately .85 when they are raised together, and approximately .80 when raised apart. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 378–379 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence. 68) If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation between IQ scores? a. fraternal twins b. identical twins c. brothers and sisters d. parents and children Correct: Identical twins both inherit the same genetic material. Therefore, if intelligence is primarily determined by heredity, you would expect identical twins to have the highest correlation between IQ scores. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 378–379 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence. 69) In general, studies examining the correlations between intelligence scores for different family members indicate that __________________ is the greatest determinant for shared intelligence. a. education b. shared experience c. biological relatedness d. shared environment Correct: While the contribution of environmental factors to intelligence is not insignificant, generally speaking, the closer the biological relationship between people, the more similar their intelligence scores. Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 379 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence. 70) The study of how specific genes interact with the environment to influence behaviour is called a. behavioural genomics. b. anthropometrics. c. psychometrics. d. transgenics. Correct: Behavioural genomics is the study of how specific genes interact with the environment to influence behaviour. The focus of the behavioural genomic approach to intelligence is to identify genes that are related to increases or decreases in certain types of learning and problem solving. Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 380 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence. 71) Dr. Ming hypothesizes that a particular gene is involved in intelligence. He breeds a strain of mice that have had this particular gene removed to see if they show an impaired ability to solve problems compared to mice that have not had this gene removed. This is an example of a ______________ study. a. transgenic b. anthropometric c. psychometric d. gene knockout Correct: Gene knockout (KO) studies involve removing a specific gene thought to be involved in a trait (such as intelligence) and testing the effects of removing the gene by comparing behaviour of animals without the gene with those that have it. Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 380 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence. 72) _________________ involves breeding mice that have had a specific gene removed from their genome. In contrast, _________________ involves inserting a new gene into an animal's genome. a. Transgenics; biomutation b. Gene knockout; transgenics c. Biomutation; transgenics d. X-inactivation; biomutation Correct: Gene knockout (KO) studies involve removing a specific gene thought to be involved in a trait (such as intelligence) and testing the effects of removing the gene by comparing behaviour of animals without the gene with those that have it. In contrast, transgenic animals have had a new gene inserted into their DNA. Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 380 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand different approaches to studying the genetic basis of intelligence. 73) Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between nutrition and intelligence? a. There is no correlation between intelligence and nutrition. b. There is a relationship between intelligence and nutrition, but only when comparing children living in poverty and those in affluent households. c. Even when comparing children who come from affluent households, there is evidence for a relationship between healthy eating and intelligence. d. Intelligence is correlated with the number of calories consumed, but not the nutritional value of a child's diet. Correct: According to a Spanish study, even among high-socioeconomic grade-school children, there is a statistically significant relationship between nutrition and intelligence. This relationship holds even after influences of gender and income are removed from the analysis. As for children who may not consume balanced diets, there is even evidence that nutritional supplements can help overcome this factor. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 384 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence. 74) According to your textbook, a key factor in why growing up in a low-income family is associated with lower IQs is likely a. stress. b. genetics. c. a lack of interest in learning. d. season of birth. Correct: Low-income households face higher stress levels on a day-to-day basis, and this stress can distract children from school; in addition, the stress responses can negatively impact brain development. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 384 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence. 75) Able, Bob, and Chris are brothers. Able was born in 1985, Baker in 1988, and Chris in 1990. Statistically speaking, which sibling is slightly more likely to have the greatest IQ score? a. Able b. Bob c. Chris d. No one; they are all equally likely to have the greatest IQ score. Correct: Older siblings tend to score slightly higher on intelligence tests than younger siblings. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 383 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to heredity, environment, and intelligence. 76) What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend to parents about children watching television? a. Infants should only watch special educational videos that stimulate brain development prior to the age of 2. b. Children under the age of 2 should watch television for no more than 4 hours each day. c. Children under the age of 2 should not watch television at all. d. Children under the age of 10 should not watch television at all. Correct: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children younger than age 2 years do not watch television at all. However, television is not all bad. Its effects may be neutral or even positive after age 3 or so, when children can understand more complex programs. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 386 Skill: Factual Objective: Analyze claims that infant intelligence is increased by viewing educational television programming. 77) Some companies sell special educational programs designed to be watched by infants. Which of the following is true regarding these programs? a. They significantly stimulate brain development. b. They lower the age at which children first speak, but do not otherwise affect brain development. c. They do not stimulate cognitive development, but are otherwise harmless. d. They can actually slow down vocabulary and language development. Correct: The more time infants spend viewing educational television, the lower their verbal comprehension and performance scores achieved when tested at age 6 or 7 years. Shows based mostly on pantomime or simplified sing-along songs (rather than narrative) have also been negatively correlated with vocabulary development. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 386 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Analyze claims that infant intelligence is increased by viewing educational television programming. 78) When researchers compare the distribution of IQ scores for males to the one for females, which of the following differences is most consistently found? a. The mean score for the male distribution is greater than the one for the females. b. The mean score for the female distribution is greater than the one for the males. c. The variability among males is greater than it is among females. d. The variability among females is greater than it is among males. Correct: There tends to be greater variability among male IQ scores than among the scores for females. This means that, although both distributions have very similar means, there are more males with extremely high and low scores. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 274 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand intelligence differences between males and females. 79) There is some evidence that women do better than average on tests of ______________, while men do better than women on tests of_______________. a. fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence b. crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence c. visual-spatial manipulation; verbal fluency d. verbal fluency; visual-spatial manipulation Correct: Although it's important not to over-generalize, average scores on verbal fluency tasks often tip in the favour of females. Conversely, average scores on tests of visual-spatial manipulation ability tend to favour males. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 375 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand intelligence differences between males and females. 80) People who hold an entity theory of intelligence believe a. that a person's intelligence is fixed and very difficult to change. b. that a person's intelligence is shaped by experience and effort. c. that there is only one type of intelligence. d. that there are multiple types of intelligences. Correct: Entity theory is the belief that intelligence is a fixed characteristic and relatively difficult (or impossible) to change. In contrast, incremental theory is the belief that intelligence can be shaped by experiences, practice, and effort. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 360–362 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply the concepts of entity theory and incremental theory to help kids stay in school. 81) People who hold an incremental theory of intelligence believe a. that a person's intelligence is fixed and very difficult to change. b. that a person's intelligence is shaped by experience and effort. c. that there is only one type of intelligence. d. that there are multiple types of intelligences. Correct: Incremental theory is the belief that intelligence can be shaped by experiences, practice, and effort. In contrast, entity theory is the belief that intelligence is a fixed characteristic and relatively difficult (or impossible) to change. Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 360–362 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply the concepts of entity theory and incremental theory to help kids stay in school. 82) People who hold an incremental theory of intelligence tend to ______________ when faced with challenging academic problems. a. give up b. cheat c. feel hopeless d. be resilient Correct: People who hold entity theories are more likely to give up when confronted with a challenging academic problem, whereas those who hold an incremental view are more likely to be resilient and persevere. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 360–362 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply the concepts of entity theory and incremental theory to help kids stay in school. 83) Tang believes that everyone is born with a certain amount of intelligence that cannot change. When he is confronted with a difficult problem in math class that he cannot solve right away, he is likely to a. give up. b. ask a "smart" student for guidance. c. ask the teacher for guidance. d. keep trying Correct: People who believe intelligence is fixed (entity theory) are more likely to give up when confronted with a challenging academic problem, whereas those who hold an incremental view are more likely to be resilient and persevere. Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 360–362 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply the concepts of entity theory and incremental theory to help kids stay in school. 84) Which of the following is true about incremental theories? a. Children who hold incremental views tend to give up when confronted with difficult problems in school. b. Children who hold incremental theories view their intelligence as something that cannot be changed. c. Children who hold incremental theories tend to do poorly academically compared to those who hold entity theories. d. Children can be taught incremental views. Correct: Dweck and her colleagues found that junior high students could be taught incremental views. This resulted in higher grades compared to controls. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 360–362 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply the concepts of entity theory and incremental theory to help kids stay in school. 85) When Dweck and her colleagues taught _____________ views to a group of junior high students, they found that the group's grades _____________. a. entity; improved b. entity; worsened c. incremental; improved d. incremental; worsened Correct: Dweck and her colleagues found that junior high students could be taught incremental views. This resulted in higher grades, whereas the control group's grades actually declined. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 360–361 Skill: Factual Objective: Apply the concepts of entity theory and incremental theory to help kids stay in school. 86) Stereotype threat refers to a. poor performance on IQ tests by minorities. b. the fear that poor performance on an IQ test will confirm minority stereotypes. c. threats against minorities if they perform well on an IQ test. d. the stereotype that minorities are less intelligent than others. Correct: Stereotype threat occurs when people who are aware of stereotypes about their social group may fear being reduced to that stereotype. The anxiety and distraction from stereotype threat can often impair performance. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 359 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 87) Carmen is taking an advanced math test and she feels a burden of doubt because she knows the negative stereotypes about women's abilities in mathematics. This feeling has been labelled a. test anxiety. b. gender dissonance. c. gender bias. d. stereotype threat. Correct: Stereotype threat occurs when people who are aware of stereotypes about their social group may fear being reduced to that stereotype. The anxiety and distraction from stereotype threat can often impair performance. Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 359–360 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. 88) Taylor is the only girl on her baseball team. Today she will be playing in the championship game and is worried that she will "choke" (not be able to play as well as she usually does) because she was told that girls always "choke" in the big games. What concept is being represented? a. between-group heritability b. confirmation bias c. stereotype threat d. test bias Correct: Stereotype threat occurs when people who are aware of stereotypes about their social group may fear being reduced to that stereotype. The anxiety and distraction from stereotype threat can often impair performance. Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 359–360 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology associated with intelligence and intelligence testing. MODULE 9.2 4. Whereas _____ intelligence tends to decrease in later life, _____ intelligence generally does not decline, and may even continue to increase. a. general; crystallized b. general; fluid c. crystallized; fluid d. fluid; crystallized Answer: D Module 9.2 5. Hussein is a small business owner. He was a Cstudent in school and does not generally think of himself as very “smart.” Nonetheless, Hussein does an excellent job of running his business and dealing intelligently with real-world problems when they arise. According to the triarchic theory of intelligence, which type of intelligence is Hussein demonstrating? a. Creative b. Analytical c. Crystallized d. Practical Answer: D Module 9.2 6. What does the Flynn effect refer to? a. The increase in average IQ test scores over decades b. The decrease in average IQ test scores over decades c. The higher IQ test average scores for Asian Americans compared to European Americans d. The lower IQ test average scores for African Americans compared to European Americans Answer: A Module 9.2 9) Dean is learning how to drive a car. What type of intelligence would Dean most likely be using? a. naturalistic b. practical c. fluid Correct: Fluid intelligence is dynamic and changing. d. crystallized Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 369, Module 9.2 Skill: Applied Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. 10) Sternberg is to Spearman as ______________ is to ______________. a. general (g) intelligence; practical intelligence b. analytical intelligence; general (g) intelligence Correct: Sternberg proposed the triarchic theory; Spearman proposed that we have a general intelligence he termedg. c. multiple intelligences; specific abilities d. creative intelligence; crystallized intelligence Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 368, 371, Module 9.2 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to understanding intelligence. MODULE 10.1 1) A group of psychologists studies how adults change and grow, both psychologically and physiologically, as they age. These psychologists are most like ___________. a. personality psychologists b. social psychologists c. organizational psychologists d. developmental psychologists Answer: d Page Reference: 393 2) The description and explanation of behavioural changes in the individual and the differences between individuals from conception to death is called _________. a. developmental psychology b. the whole life approach c. the lifespan development approach d. the longitudinal method Answer: c Page Reference: 393 3) A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the __________ method. a. longitudinal b. correlational c. cross-sectional d. biographical study Answer: c Page Reference: 393 4) A researcher who studies a fixed group of people over a long period of time is, by definition, using the __________ method. a. longitudinal b. correlational c. cross-sectional d. biographical study Answer: a Page Reference: 393 5) A researcher who studies a fixed group of people over a long period of time is, by definition, using the __________. a. longitudinal method b. correlational method c. cross-sectional method d. case study method Answer: a Page Reference: 393 6) From the second week until the third month after conception, the developing organism is called a(n) __________. a. neonate b. fetus c. zygote d. embryo Answer: d Page Reference: 394–395 7) The __________ roughly resembles a human being. a. zygote b. fetus c. embryo d. placenta Answer: b Page Reference: 394–395 8) The drug most abused by pregnant women is __________. a. nicotine b. marijuana c. cocaine d. alcohol Answer: d Page Reference: 396–397 1) A friend of yours is pregnant and particularly afraid of her child dying from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) after he is born. What factor can you tell your friend puts her child at greater risk from dying from SIDS so she can make sure she avoids it? a. having pets in the house b. prescription medications c. vaccines d. cigarette smoke Correct: Smoking before and after birth is associated with higher SIDS rates. 397 Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Reference: 397 Skill: Applied Objective: Apply your understanding to identify the best ways expectant parents can ensure the health of their developing fetus. 2) Charmaine is interested in going to graduate school to gain expertise in the ways in which people experience physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes over the course of their lives. The type of program that Charmaine should be applying to is __________ psychology. a. developmental b. child c. socia