Nursing 140 - Exam 2 Study Guide
Latest Solved Update 2022-2023
Cardiac enzymes - ANS-Released into the blood stream when the heart suffers from
ischemia
Lipid profile - ANS-Provides information regarding cholesterol levels and is used for
early detection of heart disease
Transthoracic echocardiogram - ANS-Used to diagnose valve disorders and
cardiomyopathy; evaluate the size, shape, and motion of the structure of the heart; and
measure the ejection fraction
Indications for transthoracic echocardiography - ANS-Cardiomyopathy, heart failure,
angina, MI
Indications for cardiac enzymes and lipid profile - ANS-Angina, MI, heart disease,
hyperlipidemia
transesophageal echocardiography - ANS-Provides clearer ultrasonic images, because
the waves pass through less tissue. A small transducer is passed through the mouth
and into the esophagus to provide images of the heart
Indications for transesophageal echocardiography - ANS-Heart failure, valvular heart
disease, atrial or ventricular thrombi, monitoring during valve replacement and coronary
artery bypass surgeries
Stress test - ANS-exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart's response to
physical exertion (stress)
Indications for stress test - ANS-Angina, heart Failure, MI, dysrhythmia
hemodynamic monitoring - ANS-Involves special indwelling catheters to provide
information about blood volume and perfusion, fluid status, and how well the heart is
pumping
pituitary gland - ANS-The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence
of the hypothalamus, this gland regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
Hypothalamus - ANS-A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several
maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine
system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
,Preload - ANS-The precontraction pressure in the heart as the volume of blood builds
up. (diastole)
Afterload - ANS-The force or resistance against which the heart pumps. (systole)
Cardiac Output (CO) - ANS-Blood ejected by a ventricle in 1 minute. CO = stroke
volume (SV) x HR
Heart rate - ANS-Number of cardiac contractions per minute
Stroke volume - ANS-Amount of blood ejected with each ventricular beat
ejection fraction - ANS-amount of blood pumped out of ventricle divided by the amount
of blood in the ventricle. Average adult is 55-60%. It is used to determine contractility
and may be diagnosed with an ECG or cardiac cath.
Cholesterol - ANS-Waxy substance found in blood, needed to build healthy cells. less
than 200 mg/dL
LDL - ANS-low-density lipoprotein less than 160 mg/dL
HDL - ANS-high-density lipoprotein Greater than 40-50 mg/dL. Removes LDL from
blood to liver to become waste. lowers risk of heart disease.
Triglycerides - ANS-another kind of lipid your cells use for energy. less than 150 mg/dL
C-reactive protein - ANS-A nonspecific protein, produced in the liver, that becomes
elevated during episodes of acute inflammation or infection.
Platelets - ANS-blood clotting 150-400 mc/L
Prothrombin Time (PT) - ANS-test of the ability of blood to clot 12-13 seconds
International Normalized Ratio (INR) - ANS-Blood coagulation test; commonly
performed on patients taking anticoagulants (i.e. coumadin/warfarin) 0.8-1.2
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) - ANS-test to determine coagulation defects, such as
platelet disorders 25-35 seconds
Troponin - ANS-regulatory protein that binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium. less
than 0.4 ng/mL
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) - ANS-Indicates how well your heart is working. e.g.
heart failure
Less than 100 pg/mL
, Atherosclerosis - ANS-condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the
inner walls of the arteries
deep vein thrombosis - ANS-blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb
coronary artery disease - ANS-atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the
blood supply to the heart muscle
congestive heart failure (CHF) - ANS-the failure of the heart to pump efficiently, leading
to excessive blood or fluids in the lungs, the body, or both
D-dimer test - ANS-is a global marker of coagulation activation and measures fibrin
degradation products produced from fibrinolysis (clot breakdown). The test is used for
the diagnosis of DVT when the patient has few clinical signs and stratifies patients into a
high-risk category for reoccurrence. Useful as an adjunct to noninvasive testing, a
negative _______ test can exclude a DVT without an ultrasound.
electrocardiography - ANS-process of recording the electrical activity of the heart
chest x-ray - ANS-taking a radiographic picture of the lungs and heart from the back and
sides
echocardiography - ANS-an ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the
structures and motion of the heart
cardiac stress test - ANS-a test used to evaluate the functioning of the heart during a
period of increased oxygen demand; test may be initiated by exercise or medications
cardiac catheterization - ANS-a diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is passed into
a vein or artery and then guided into the heart
coronary angiography - ANS-specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose
stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle
peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) - ANS-The force exerted against the blood flow
and is determined by the diameter of the vessel. The lower the vascular resistance the
less force is needed to eject the blood out of the heart during systole.
Nutrition for heart failure - ANS-decrease sodium
increase fluids (as tolerated)
increase fiber
increase K with diuretic
cardiac diet - ANS-low fat, low cholesterol, low sodium
Latest Solved Update 2022-2023
Cardiac enzymes - ANS-Released into the blood stream when the heart suffers from
ischemia
Lipid profile - ANS-Provides information regarding cholesterol levels and is used for
early detection of heart disease
Transthoracic echocardiogram - ANS-Used to diagnose valve disorders and
cardiomyopathy; evaluate the size, shape, and motion of the structure of the heart; and
measure the ejection fraction
Indications for transthoracic echocardiography - ANS-Cardiomyopathy, heart failure,
angina, MI
Indications for cardiac enzymes and lipid profile - ANS-Angina, MI, heart disease,
hyperlipidemia
transesophageal echocardiography - ANS-Provides clearer ultrasonic images, because
the waves pass through less tissue. A small transducer is passed through the mouth
and into the esophagus to provide images of the heart
Indications for transesophageal echocardiography - ANS-Heart failure, valvular heart
disease, atrial or ventricular thrombi, monitoring during valve replacement and coronary
artery bypass surgeries
Stress test - ANS-exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart's response to
physical exertion (stress)
Indications for stress test - ANS-Angina, heart Failure, MI, dysrhythmia
hemodynamic monitoring - ANS-Involves special indwelling catheters to provide
information about blood volume and perfusion, fluid status, and how well the heart is
pumping
pituitary gland - ANS-The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence
of the hypothalamus, this gland regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
Hypothalamus - ANS-A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several
maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine
system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
,Preload - ANS-The precontraction pressure in the heart as the volume of blood builds
up. (diastole)
Afterload - ANS-The force or resistance against which the heart pumps. (systole)
Cardiac Output (CO) - ANS-Blood ejected by a ventricle in 1 minute. CO = stroke
volume (SV) x HR
Heart rate - ANS-Number of cardiac contractions per minute
Stroke volume - ANS-Amount of blood ejected with each ventricular beat
ejection fraction - ANS-amount of blood pumped out of ventricle divided by the amount
of blood in the ventricle. Average adult is 55-60%. It is used to determine contractility
and may be diagnosed with an ECG or cardiac cath.
Cholesterol - ANS-Waxy substance found in blood, needed to build healthy cells. less
than 200 mg/dL
LDL - ANS-low-density lipoprotein less than 160 mg/dL
HDL - ANS-high-density lipoprotein Greater than 40-50 mg/dL. Removes LDL from
blood to liver to become waste. lowers risk of heart disease.
Triglycerides - ANS-another kind of lipid your cells use for energy. less than 150 mg/dL
C-reactive protein - ANS-A nonspecific protein, produced in the liver, that becomes
elevated during episodes of acute inflammation or infection.
Platelets - ANS-blood clotting 150-400 mc/L
Prothrombin Time (PT) - ANS-test of the ability of blood to clot 12-13 seconds
International Normalized Ratio (INR) - ANS-Blood coagulation test; commonly
performed on patients taking anticoagulants (i.e. coumadin/warfarin) 0.8-1.2
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) - ANS-test to determine coagulation defects, such as
platelet disorders 25-35 seconds
Troponin - ANS-regulatory protein that binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium. less
than 0.4 ng/mL
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) - ANS-Indicates how well your heart is working. e.g.
heart failure
Less than 100 pg/mL
, Atherosclerosis - ANS-condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the
inner walls of the arteries
deep vein thrombosis - ANS-blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb
coronary artery disease - ANS-atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the
blood supply to the heart muscle
congestive heart failure (CHF) - ANS-the failure of the heart to pump efficiently, leading
to excessive blood or fluids in the lungs, the body, or both
D-dimer test - ANS-is a global marker of coagulation activation and measures fibrin
degradation products produced from fibrinolysis (clot breakdown). The test is used for
the diagnosis of DVT when the patient has few clinical signs and stratifies patients into a
high-risk category for reoccurrence. Useful as an adjunct to noninvasive testing, a
negative _______ test can exclude a DVT without an ultrasound.
electrocardiography - ANS-process of recording the electrical activity of the heart
chest x-ray - ANS-taking a radiographic picture of the lungs and heart from the back and
sides
echocardiography - ANS-an ultrasonic diagnostic procedure used to evaluate the
structures and motion of the heart
cardiac stress test - ANS-a test used to evaluate the functioning of the heart during a
period of increased oxygen demand; test may be initiated by exercise or medications
cardiac catheterization - ANS-a diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is passed into
a vein or artery and then guided into the heart
coronary angiography - ANS-specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose
stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle
peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) - ANS-The force exerted against the blood flow
and is determined by the diameter of the vessel. The lower the vascular resistance the
less force is needed to eject the blood out of the heart during systole.
Nutrition for heart failure - ANS-decrease sodium
increase fluids (as tolerated)
increase fiber
increase K with diuretic
cardiac diet - ANS-low fat, low cholesterol, low sodium
