METHODEN VAN HET WETENSCHAPPELIJK ONERZOEK 1 2021-2022
Docent: Dr. Eva Van den Bussche (Tiensestraat 102, bureau 01.70)
Doelstellingen
Na het voltooien van dit OPO kan de student
de empirische cyclus begrijpen en de fasen beheersen
het concept variabiliteit kritisch vatten en inschatten
onderzoeksmetingen systematisch evalueren op vlak van validiteit en betrouwbaarheid
kritisch reflecteren over verschillende onderzoeksstrategieën en -designs en hun beperkingen aangeven
verschillende onderzoeksstrategieën en -designs herkennen en vergelijken
resultaten van verschillende onderzoeksdesigns correct interpreteren (e.g., causale versus correlationele
verbanden)
aangeven wat responsible research practices zijn en waarom deze van belang zijn
Inhoud vak
Tijdens de hoorcolleges worden volgende thema’s behandeld:
De empirische cyclus
Variabelen en meetniveaus
Betrouwbaarheid en validiteit
Onderzoeksdesigns in de psychologie (survey onderzoek, correlationeel onderzoek, experimenteel
onderzoek, quasi-experimenteel onderzoek, single-subject onderzoek, etc.)
Steekproeftrekking
Responsible research practices (repliceerbaarheid, open science, preregistratie, etc.)
Evaluatie
40 meerkeuzenvragen met correctie voor raden. Mix van kennis-, inzichts- en toepassingsvragen
Studiemateriaal
Handboek:
o Gravetter, F.J. & Forzano, L.-A.B. (2018). Research Methods for the behavioral sciences (Custom Ed.).
Cengage: Boston (USA). ISBN: 978- 1-4737-7927-3
o De hoofdstukken uit het handboek zijn integraal leerstof, tenzij anders aangegeven tijdens de les
o Aankopen via ACCO
Slides
Extra ondersteunend materiaal (wat gekend moet zijn zal steeds aangegeven worden tijdens de les)
LET OP! Hoorcolleges en handboek dekken elkaar niet af en zijn beide integraal leerstof
Sanne Van der Spiegel MWO 2021-2022
1
,Inhoud
METHODEN VAN HET WETENSCHAPPELIJK ONERZOEK 1 2021-2022 .............................................................................. 1
Les 1: Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................................. 5
1.1. Waarom een vak methoden? ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.2. Niet-wetenschappelijke methoden om kennis te vergaren ............................................................................. 5
1.2.1. Vasthoudendheid (tenacity) ..................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.2. Intuïtie ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.3. Autoriteit ................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.4. Rationalisme.............................................................................................................................................. 6
1.2.5. Empirie ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.3. De wetenschappelijke methode ....................................................................................................................... 7
1.4. De empirische cyclus ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Les 2: Hypothesen formuleren, Variabelen definiëren en meten .................................................................................. 15
2.1. Terugkoppeling oefening ................................................................................................................................ 15
2.2. Hypothesen formuleren .................................................................................................................................. 16
2.3. Variabelen definiëren en meten ..................................................................................................................... 18
2.3.1. Constructen en operationele definities .................................................................................................. 19
2.3.2. Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid ...................................................................................................................... 20
2.3.3. Meetschalen.................................................................................................................................................. 23
2.4. Besluit................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Les 3 Participanten selecteren ........................................................................................................................................ 28
3.1 Terugkoppeling oefening vorige les ...................................................................................................................... 28
3.2 Empirische cyclus .................................................................................................................................................. 29
3.2.1 Probability sampling................................................................................................................................ 31
3.2.2 Nonprobability sampling ......................................................................................................................... 33
3.3 Besluit.............................................................................................................................................................. 34
Les 4: Onderzoeksstrategieën en validiteit ..................................................................................................................... 35
4.1. Terugkoppeling oefening vorige les ................................................................................................................ 35
4.2. Empirische cyclus ............................................................................................................................................ 36
4.2.1. Onderzoeksstrategieën ........................................................................................................................... 36
4.2.2. Externe en interne validiteit ................................................................................................................... 39
4.3. Besluit.............................................................................................................................................................. 43
Les 5: De experimentele onderzoeksstrategie + expermimentele designs: tussen-subject designs.............................. 44
5.1. Terugkoppelling oefening .................................................................................................................................... 44
5.2. Empirische cyclus ................................................................................................................................................. 44
5.3. De experimentele onderzoeksstrategie ............................................................................................................... 45
5.3.1. Oorzaak-gevolg relaties................................................................................................................................. 45
5.3.2. Elementen van een experiment .................................................................................................................... 46
Sanne Van der Spiegel MWO 2021-2022
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, 5.3.3. Bijkomende variabelen controleren ............................................................................................................. 47
5.3.4. Controlecondities .......................................................................................................................................... 48
5.3.5. Manipulatie checks ....................................................................................................................................... 49
5.3.6. Externe validiteit verhogen ........................................................................................................................... 50
5.3.7. Besluit............................................................................................................................................................ 50
5.4. Tussen-subject designs ........................................................................................................................................ 50
5.4.1. Karakteristieken ............................................................................................................................................ 51
5.4.2. Voor- en nadelen........................................................................................................................................... 51
5.4.3. Individuele verschillen .................................................................................................................................. 51
Les 6: Experimentele designs: Binnen-subject + designs, Non- en quasi- experimentele + strategieën en designs ...... 54
6.1. Terugkoppeling oefening vorige les ..................................................................................................................... 54
6.2. Empirische cyclus ................................................................................................................................................. 54
6.2.1. Binnen-subject designs ................................................................................................................................. 55
6.2.2. Tussen- vs. binnen-subject design ................................................................................................................ 59
6.2.3. Non- en quasi- experimentele strategieën en designs ................................................................................. 60
Les 7: Factoriële designs ................................................................................................................................................. 68
7.1. Terugkoppeling oefening ..................................................................................................................................... 68
7.1.1. Oefening 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 68
7.1.2. Oefening 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 69
7.2. Empirische cyclus ................................................................................................................................................. 70
7.2.1. Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 70
7.2.2. Hoofdeffecten en interacties ........................................................................................................................ 71
7.2.3. Types Factoriële designs ............................................................................................................................... 75
7.2.4. Toepassingen ................................................................................................................................................ 76
7.3. Besluit................................................................................................................................................................... 76
8. Correlationele en beschrijvende onderzoeksstrategieën ........................................................................................... 77
8.1. Terugkoppeling oefening ..................................................................................................................................... 77
8.2. Empirische cyclus ................................................................................................................................................. 78
8.3. Correlationele onderzoekstrategie ...................................................................................................................... 78
8.3.1. Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 78
8.3.2. Toepassingen ................................................................................................................................................ 79
8.3.3. Voor- en nadelen........................................................................................................................................... 79
8.3.4. Meerdere variabelen .................................................................................................................................... 79
8.4. Beschrijvende onderzoeksstrategie ..................................................................................................................... 80
8.4.1. Observationeel design .................................................................................................................................. 80
8.4.2. Survey design ................................................................................................................................................ 82
8.4.3. Case study design .......................................................................................................................................... 85
9. Open science (guest lecture)...................................................................................................................................... 86
Sanne Van der Spiegel MWO 2021-2022
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, 9.1. Inleiding................................................................................................................................................................ 86
9.2. Deel 1: Waarom Open Science (wat gaat er mis)? .............................................................................................. 87
9.2.1. Fraude ........................................................................................................................................................... 87
9.2.3. Verborgen flexibiliteit ................................................................................................................................... 88
9.2.4. Gebrek aan replicaties .................................................................................................................................. 89
9.3. Deel 2: Open science in de praktijk ..................................................................................................................... 90
9.2.2. Bias ................................................................................................................................................................ 95
10. Case study & single-case designs en kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve methoden....................................................... 96
10.1. Terugkoppeling oefeningen ............................................................................................................................... 96
10.2. Case study & single case designs ....................................................................................................................... 98
10.2.1. Case study desings ...................................................................................................................................... 99
10.2.2. Single-case experimental designs ............................................................................................................... 99
10.2.2. Single-case experimental designs ............................................................................................................. 106
10.3. Kwantiatieve en kwalitatieve methoden ......................................................................................................... 106
Sanne Van der Spiegel MWO 2021-2022
4
Docent: Dr. Eva Van den Bussche (Tiensestraat 102, bureau 01.70)
Doelstellingen
Na het voltooien van dit OPO kan de student
de empirische cyclus begrijpen en de fasen beheersen
het concept variabiliteit kritisch vatten en inschatten
onderzoeksmetingen systematisch evalueren op vlak van validiteit en betrouwbaarheid
kritisch reflecteren over verschillende onderzoeksstrategieën en -designs en hun beperkingen aangeven
verschillende onderzoeksstrategieën en -designs herkennen en vergelijken
resultaten van verschillende onderzoeksdesigns correct interpreteren (e.g., causale versus correlationele
verbanden)
aangeven wat responsible research practices zijn en waarom deze van belang zijn
Inhoud vak
Tijdens de hoorcolleges worden volgende thema’s behandeld:
De empirische cyclus
Variabelen en meetniveaus
Betrouwbaarheid en validiteit
Onderzoeksdesigns in de psychologie (survey onderzoek, correlationeel onderzoek, experimenteel
onderzoek, quasi-experimenteel onderzoek, single-subject onderzoek, etc.)
Steekproeftrekking
Responsible research practices (repliceerbaarheid, open science, preregistratie, etc.)
Evaluatie
40 meerkeuzenvragen met correctie voor raden. Mix van kennis-, inzichts- en toepassingsvragen
Studiemateriaal
Handboek:
o Gravetter, F.J. & Forzano, L.-A.B. (2018). Research Methods for the behavioral sciences (Custom Ed.).
Cengage: Boston (USA). ISBN: 978- 1-4737-7927-3
o De hoofdstukken uit het handboek zijn integraal leerstof, tenzij anders aangegeven tijdens de les
o Aankopen via ACCO
Slides
Extra ondersteunend materiaal (wat gekend moet zijn zal steeds aangegeven worden tijdens de les)
LET OP! Hoorcolleges en handboek dekken elkaar niet af en zijn beide integraal leerstof
Sanne Van der Spiegel MWO 2021-2022
1
,Inhoud
METHODEN VAN HET WETENSCHAPPELIJK ONERZOEK 1 2021-2022 .............................................................................. 1
Les 1: Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................................. 5
1.1. Waarom een vak methoden? ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.2. Niet-wetenschappelijke methoden om kennis te vergaren ............................................................................. 5
1.2.1. Vasthoudendheid (tenacity) ..................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.2. Intuïtie ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.3. Autoriteit ................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.4. Rationalisme.............................................................................................................................................. 6
1.2.5. Empirie ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.3. De wetenschappelijke methode ....................................................................................................................... 7
1.4. De empirische cyclus ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Les 2: Hypothesen formuleren, Variabelen definiëren en meten .................................................................................. 15
2.1. Terugkoppeling oefening ................................................................................................................................ 15
2.2. Hypothesen formuleren .................................................................................................................................. 16
2.3. Variabelen definiëren en meten ..................................................................................................................... 18
2.3.1. Constructen en operationele definities .................................................................................................. 19
2.3.2. Validiteit en betrouwbaarheid ...................................................................................................................... 20
2.3.3. Meetschalen.................................................................................................................................................. 23
2.4. Besluit................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Les 3 Participanten selecteren ........................................................................................................................................ 28
3.1 Terugkoppeling oefening vorige les ...................................................................................................................... 28
3.2 Empirische cyclus .................................................................................................................................................. 29
3.2.1 Probability sampling................................................................................................................................ 31
3.2.2 Nonprobability sampling ......................................................................................................................... 33
3.3 Besluit.............................................................................................................................................................. 34
Les 4: Onderzoeksstrategieën en validiteit ..................................................................................................................... 35
4.1. Terugkoppeling oefening vorige les ................................................................................................................ 35
4.2. Empirische cyclus ............................................................................................................................................ 36
4.2.1. Onderzoeksstrategieën ........................................................................................................................... 36
4.2.2. Externe en interne validiteit ................................................................................................................... 39
4.3. Besluit.............................................................................................................................................................. 43
Les 5: De experimentele onderzoeksstrategie + expermimentele designs: tussen-subject designs.............................. 44
5.1. Terugkoppelling oefening .................................................................................................................................... 44
5.2. Empirische cyclus ................................................................................................................................................. 44
5.3. De experimentele onderzoeksstrategie ............................................................................................................... 45
5.3.1. Oorzaak-gevolg relaties................................................................................................................................. 45
5.3.2. Elementen van een experiment .................................................................................................................... 46
Sanne Van der Spiegel MWO 2021-2022
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, 5.3.3. Bijkomende variabelen controleren ............................................................................................................. 47
5.3.4. Controlecondities .......................................................................................................................................... 48
5.3.5. Manipulatie checks ....................................................................................................................................... 49
5.3.6. Externe validiteit verhogen ........................................................................................................................... 50
5.3.7. Besluit............................................................................................................................................................ 50
5.4. Tussen-subject designs ........................................................................................................................................ 50
5.4.1. Karakteristieken ............................................................................................................................................ 51
5.4.2. Voor- en nadelen........................................................................................................................................... 51
5.4.3. Individuele verschillen .................................................................................................................................. 51
Les 6: Experimentele designs: Binnen-subject + designs, Non- en quasi- experimentele + strategieën en designs ...... 54
6.1. Terugkoppeling oefening vorige les ..................................................................................................................... 54
6.2. Empirische cyclus ................................................................................................................................................. 54
6.2.1. Binnen-subject designs ................................................................................................................................. 55
6.2.2. Tussen- vs. binnen-subject design ................................................................................................................ 59
6.2.3. Non- en quasi- experimentele strategieën en designs ................................................................................. 60
Les 7: Factoriële designs ................................................................................................................................................. 68
7.1. Terugkoppeling oefening ..................................................................................................................................... 68
7.1.1. Oefening 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 68
7.1.2. Oefening 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 69
7.2. Empirische cyclus ................................................................................................................................................. 70
7.2.1. Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 70
7.2.2. Hoofdeffecten en interacties ........................................................................................................................ 71
7.2.3. Types Factoriële designs ............................................................................................................................... 75
7.2.4. Toepassingen ................................................................................................................................................ 76
7.3. Besluit................................................................................................................................................................... 76
8. Correlationele en beschrijvende onderzoeksstrategieën ........................................................................................... 77
8.1. Terugkoppeling oefening ..................................................................................................................................... 77
8.2. Empirische cyclus ................................................................................................................................................. 78
8.3. Correlationele onderzoekstrategie ...................................................................................................................... 78
8.3.1. Inleiding ......................................................................................................................................................... 78
8.3.2. Toepassingen ................................................................................................................................................ 79
8.3.3. Voor- en nadelen........................................................................................................................................... 79
8.3.4. Meerdere variabelen .................................................................................................................................... 79
8.4. Beschrijvende onderzoeksstrategie ..................................................................................................................... 80
8.4.1. Observationeel design .................................................................................................................................. 80
8.4.2. Survey design ................................................................................................................................................ 82
8.4.3. Case study design .......................................................................................................................................... 85
9. Open science (guest lecture)...................................................................................................................................... 86
Sanne Van der Spiegel MWO 2021-2022
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, 9.1. Inleiding................................................................................................................................................................ 86
9.2. Deel 1: Waarom Open Science (wat gaat er mis)? .............................................................................................. 87
9.2.1. Fraude ........................................................................................................................................................... 87
9.2.3. Verborgen flexibiliteit ................................................................................................................................... 88
9.2.4. Gebrek aan replicaties .................................................................................................................................. 89
9.3. Deel 2: Open science in de praktijk ..................................................................................................................... 90
9.2.2. Bias ................................................................................................................................................................ 95
10. Case study & single-case designs en kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve methoden....................................................... 96
10.1. Terugkoppeling oefeningen ............................................................................................................................... 96
10.2. Case study & single case designs ....................................................................................................................... 98
10.2.1. Case study desings ...................................................................................................................................... 99
10.2.2. Single-case experimental designs ............................................................................................................... 99
10.2.2. Single-case experimental designs ............................................................................................................. 106
10.3. Kwantiatieve en kwalitatieve methoden ......................................................................................................... 106
Sanne Van der Spiegel MWO 2021-2022
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