Ontwikkelingspsychologie
Inhoudsopgave
1. Introductie ............................................................................................................................ 5
1.1 Leerdoelstellingen................................................................................................................ 5
Def.: ................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.2 Basisthema’s ....................................................................................................................... 6
Continu vs discontinu ................................................................................................................... 6
Individueel vs universeel ............................................................................................................... 6
Nature vs nurture debat ................................................................................................................ 6
2. Theoretische kaders.............................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Psychoanalytische theorie (Sigmund Freud) .......................................................................... 7
2.2 Psychosociale theorie (Erik Erikson) ...................................................................................... 8
2.3 Behaviourisme (John Watson) ............................................................................................... 9
2.4 Sociaal-cognitieve leertheorie (Albert Bandura) ..................................................................... 9
2.5 Cognitieve leertheorie (Jean Piaget) ......................................................................................10
2.6 Humanistisch perspectief (Carl Rogers) ...............................................................................10
2.7 Contextueel perspectief (Urie Bronfenbrenner) .....................................................................11
2.8 Socioculturele theorie (Lev Vygotsky) ...................................................................................13
3. Prenatale periode ................................................................................................................ 13
3.1 Genetica .............................................................................................................................13
3.2 Gedragsgenitca ...................................................................................................................14
3.3 Interactie versus correlatie ..................................................................................................15
3.4 Gen-omgeving correlatie .....................................................................................................16
3.5 Epigenetica .........................................................................................................................16
3.6 Externe risicofactoren voor ontwikkeling...............................................................................17
4. De geboorte ......................................................................................................................... 18
4.1 Geboortegewicht ................................................................................................................19
4.2 Aanraking ...........................................................................................................................19
4.3 Geboorte(zorg) ....................................................................................................................20
4.4 Culturele verschillen bij geboorte(zorg) ................................................................................21
4.5 Eerste maanden na de geboorte ...........................................................................................21
5. Pasgeborene – Peuter ........................................................................................................... 22
5.1 Fysieke ontwikkeling............................................................................................................22
Hersenontwikkeling .................................................................................................................... 23
Motorische ontwikkeling ............................................................................................................. 24
Motorische vaardigheden ............................................................................................................ 25
Visuele perceptie ........................................................................................................................ 25
Auditorische perceptie ................................................................................................................ 26
, Geur en smaak ........................................................................................................................... 26
Gevoel ....................................................................................................................................... 27
5.2 Cognitieve ontwikkeling v Piaget – Behaviorisme: Snesori-motorische fase ............................27
Behaviorisme – capaciteit tot leren .............................................................................................. 27
Sensori-motorische fase ............................................................................................................. 27
Taal ............................................................................................................................................ 30
5.3 Sociale competenties ..........................................................................................................32
Emoties ...................................................................................................................................... 32
Angst voor vreemden en separatie ............................................................................................... 33
Social referencing ....................................................................................................................... 33
Ontwikkeling van het ‘ik’.............................................................................................................. 33
Theory of mind ............................................................................................................................ 34
Hechting .................................................................................................................................... 35
Persoonlijkheid ........................................................................................................................... 37
Temperament ............................................................................................................................. 38
Gender rollen ............................................................................................................................. 38
6. Kleuter ................................................................................................................................ 40
6.2 Fysieke ontwikkeling............................................................................................................40
Fysieke groei .............................................................................................................................. 40
Hersengroei en cognitieve ontwikkeling ....................................................................................... 41
6.3 Cognitieve ontwikkeling .......................................................................................................42
Pre-operationele fase ................................................................................................................. 42
Aangeboren ‘number sense’........................................................................................................ 45
6.4 Socioculturele theorie .........................................................................................................46
Taalontwikkeling ......................................................................................................................... 47
Leren door media........................................................................................................................ 47
Kleuterschool ............................................................................................................................. 48
6.5 Persoonlijke ontwikkeling van de kleuter ..............................................................................48
Bewustzijn.................................................................................................................................. 48
Identiteit .................................................................................................................................... 48
6.6 Sociale ontwikkeling van de kleuter ......................................................................................49
Vriendschappen ......................................................................................................................... 49
Het belang van spel .................................................................................................................... 49
Opvoeding .................................................................................................................................. 50
Mishandeling .............................................................................................................................. 53
Ontwikkeling v moraliteit ............................................................................................................. 54
Agressie ..................................................................................................................................... 55
7. Kindertijd ............................................................................................................................. 57
7.2 Fysieke ontwikkeling in de kindertijd .....................................................................................57
Groei .......................................................................................................................................... 57
Voeding ...................................................................................................................................... 58
Motorische ontwikkeling ............................................................................................................. 59
7.3 Mentaal welzijn ...................................................................................................................59
7.4 Cognitieve ontwikkeling in de kindertijd ................................................................................62
Piaget: Concreet operationeel ..................................................................................................... 62
Sociaal-cultureel ........................................................................................................................ 64
Taal ............................................................................................................................................ 64
Intelligentie ................................................................................................................................ 66
7.5 Sociale en persoonlijke ontwikkeling in de kindertijd .............................................................70
2
, Zelfbeeld .................................................................................................................................... 71
Zelfvertrouwen ........................................................................................................................... 72
Moraliteit - Kohlberg.................................................................................................................... 75
Vriendschappen ......................................................................................................................... 77
Pesten........................................................................................................................................ 78
8. Adolescentie ....................................................................................................................... 80
9.1 Fysieke ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................80
Puberteit .................................................................................................................................... 80
Period of ‘storm and stress’ ......................................................................................................... 80
Grote geslachtsverschillen .......................................................................................................... 80
8.2 Cognitieve en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling in de adolescentie .............................................82
Cognitieve ontwikkeling in de adolescentie .................................................................................. 82
Mentaal welzijn........................................................................................................................... 85
8.3 Persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling in de adolescentie ..................................................................88
Zelfbeeld .................................................................................................................................... 88
Zelfvertrouwen ........................................................................................................................... 88
Identiteit(ontwikkeling) ............................................................................................................... 88
Acculuratie................................................................................................................................. 91
(Bi)culturele identiteitsontwikkeling............................................................................................. 91
8.4 Sociale ontwikkeling in de adolescentie ...............................................................................94
Adolescenten en ouders ............................................................................................................. 94
Peeromgeving ............................................................................................................................. 95
Romantische relaties .................................................................................................................. 95
9. Emerging adulthood ............................................................................................................. 96
9.2 Maatschappelijke visie ........................................................................................................96
9.3 Sociologische veranderingen ...............................................................................................96
9.4 5 karakteristieken ................................................................................................................98
1. Priode van identiteit exploratie............................................................................................. 98
2. Periode van instabiliteit ....................................................................................................... 98
3. Periode van zelf focus ......................................................................................................... 98
4. Periode van ‘tussenin’ voelen .............................................................................................. 98
5. Periode van mogelijkheden .................................................................................................. 98
9.5 Urban tribe..........................................................................................................................99
9.6 Subjectief anders ................................................................................................................99
9.7 Quarterlife crisis..................................................................................................................99
9.8 Risicogedrag ..................................................................................................................... 100
9.9 Cross-cultureel perspectief ............................................................................................... 100
10. Vroege volwassenheid .................................................................................................... 101
10.1 Sociale ontwikkeling in de vroege volwassenheid ................................................................ 102
Sociale klok(ken) ...................................................................................................................... 102
Romanitische liefde .................................................................................................................. 102
Familieleven ............................................................................................................................. 103
10.2 Persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling in de vroege volwassenheid ................................................... 104
11. Midden volwassenheid ................................................................................................... 105
11.1 Fysieke ontwikkeling in de midden volwassenenheid .......................................................... 105
Beweging.................................................................................................................................. 105
3
, Zintuigen .................................................................................................................................. 106
Seksuele ontwikkeling............................................................................................................... 106
11.2 Cognitieve ontwikkeling in de midden volwassenheid.......................................................... 106
Intelligentie .............................................................................................................................. 106
Ontwikkelen van expertise ........................................................................................................ 107
11.3 Persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling in de midden volwassenheid ................................................. 107
Twee visies ............................................................................................................................... 107
Midlife crisis ............................................................................................................................. 107
11.4 Sociale ontwikkeling in de midden volwassenheid .............................................................. 107
Huwelijk en scheiding ............................................................................................................... 107
Lege nesten voor sandwichgeneratie ......................................................................................... 108
Boomerangkinderen ................................................................................................................. 108
12. Late volwassenheid ........................................................................................................ 109
Theorieën van veroudering ........................................................................................................ 109
Levensverwachting ................................................................................................................... 110
12.2 Fysieke ontwikkeling in de late volwassenheid .................................................................... 110
Afname fysieke capaciteiten ..................................................................................................... 110
12.3 Cognitieve ontwikkeling in de late volwassenheid ............................................................... 111
Intelligentie .............................................................................................................................. 111
Geheugen ................................................................................................................................ 111
12.4 Persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling in de late volwassenheid ....................................................... 112
Succesvol ouder worden ........................................................................................................... 112
12.5 Sociale ontwikkeling in de late volwassenheid .................................................................... 113
Pensionering ............................................................................................................................ 113
Overlijden van partner ............................................................................................................... 113
13. Dood .............................................................................................................................. 114
14. Begrippenlijst ................................................................................................................. 115
4
Inhoudsopgave
1. Introductie ............................................................................................................................ 5
1.1 Leerdoelstellingen................................................................................................................ 5
Def.: ................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.2 Basisthema’s ....................................................................................................................... 6
Continu vs discontinu ................................................................................................................... 6
Individueel vs universeel ............................................................................................................... 6
Nature vs nurture debat ................................................................................................................ 6
2. Theoretische kaders.............................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Psychoanalytische theorie (Sigmund Freud) .......................................................................... 7
2.2 Psychosociale theorie (Erik Erikson) ...................................................................................... 8
2.3 Behaviourisme (John Watson) ............................................................................................... 9
2.4 Sociaal-cognitieve leertheorie (Albert Bandura) ..................................................................... 9
2.5 Cognitieve leertheorie (Jean Piaget) ......................................................................................10
2.6 Humanistisch perspectief (Carl Rogers) ...............................................................................10
2.7 Contextueel perspectief (Urie Bronfenbrenner) .....................................................................11
2.8 Socioculturele theorie (Lev Vygotsky) ...................................................................................13
3. Prenatale periode ................................................................................................................ 13
3.1 Genetica .............................................................................................................................13
3.2 Gedragsgenitca ...................................................................................................................14
3.3 Interactie versus correlatie ..................................................................................................15
3.4 Gen-omgeving correlatie .....................................................................................................16
3.5 Epigenetica .........................................................................................................................16
3.6 Externe risicofactoren voor ontwikkeling...............................................................................17
4. De geboorte ......................................................................................................................... 18
4.1 Geboortegewicht ................................................................................................................19
4.2 Aanraking ...........................................................................................................................19
4.3 Geboorte(zorg) ....................................................................................................................20
4.4 Culturele verschillen bij geboorte(zorg) ................................................................................21
4.5 Eerste maanden na de geboorte ...........................................................................................21
5. Pasgeborene – Peuter ........................................................................................................... 22
5.1 Fysieke ontwikkeling............................................................................................................22
Hersenontwikkeling .................................................................................................................... 23
Motorische ontwikkeling ............................................................................................................. 24
Motorische vaardigheden ............................................................................................................ 25
Visuele perceptie ........................................................................................................................ 25
Auditorische perceptie ................................................................................................................ 26
, Geur en smaak ........................................................................................................................... 26
Gevoel ....................................................................................................................................... 27
5.2 Cognitieve ontwikkeling v Piaget – Behaviorisme: Snesori-motorische fase ............................27
Behaviorisme – capaciteit tot leren .............................................................................................. 27
Sensori-motorische fase ............................................................................................................. 27
Taal ............................................................................................................................................ 30
5.3 Sociale competenties ..........................................................................................................32
Emoties ...................................................................................................................................... 32
Angst voor vreemden en separatie ............................................................................................... 33
Social referencing ....................................................................................................................... 33
Ontwikkeling van het ‘ik’.............................................................................................................. 33
Theory of mind ............................................................................................................................ 34
Hechting .................................................................................................................................... 35
Persoonlijkheid ........................................................................................................................... 37
Temperament ............................................................................................................................. 38
Gender rollen ............................................................................................................................. 38
6. Kleuter ................................................................................................................................ 40
6.2 Fysieke ontwikkeling............................................................................................................40
Fysieke groei .............................................................................................................................. 40
Hersengroei en cognitieve ontwikkeling ....................................................................................... 41
6.3 Cognitieve ontwikkeling .......................................................................................................42
Pre-operationele fase ................................................................................................................. 42
Aangeboren ‘number sense’........................................................................................................ 45
6.4 Socioculturele theorie .........................................................................................................46
Taalontwikkeling ......................................................................................................................... 47
Leren door media........................................................................................................................ 47
Kleuterschool ............................................................................................................................. 48
6.5 Persoonlijke ontwikkeling van de kleuter ..............................................................................48
Bewustzijn.................................................................................................................................. 48
Identiteit .................................................................................................................................... 48
6.6 Sociale ontwikkeling van de kleuter ......................................................................................49
Vriendschappen ......................................................................................................................... 49
Het belang van spel .................................................................................................................... 49
Opvoeding .................................................................................................................................. 50
Mishandeling .............................................................................................................................. 53
Ontwikkeling v moraliteit ............................................................................................................. 54
Agressie ..................................................................................................................................... 55
7. Kindertijd ............................................................................................................................. 57
7.2 Fysieke ontwikkeling in de kindertijd .....................................................................................57
Groei .......................................................................................................................................... 57
Voeding ...................................................................................................................................... 58
Motorische ontwikkeling ............................................................................................................. 59
7.3 Mentaal welzijn ...................................................................................................................59
7.4 Cognitieve ontwikkeling in de kindertijd ................................................................................62
Piaget: Concreet operationeel ..................................................................................................... 62
Sociaal-cultureel ........................................................................................................................ 64
Taal ............................................................................................................................................ 64
Intelligentie ................................................................................................................................ 66
7.5 Sociale en persoonlijke ontwikkeling in de kindertijd .............................................................70
2
, Zelfbeeld .................................................................................................................................... 71
Zelfvertrouwen ........................................................................................................................... 72
Moraliteit - Kohlberg.................................................................................................................... 75
Vriendschappen ......................................................................................................................... 77
Pesten........................................................................................................................................ 78
8. Adolescentie ....................................................................................................................... 80
9.1 Fysieke ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................80
Puberteit .................................................................................................................................... 80
Period of ‘storm and stress’ ......................................................................................................... 80
Grote geslachtsverschillen .......................................................................................................... 80
8.2 Cognitieve en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling in de adolescentie .............................................82
Cognitieve ontwikkeling in de adolescentie .................................................................................. 82
Mentaal welzijn........................................................................................................................... 85
8.3 Persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling in de adolescentie ..................................................................88
Zelfbeeld .................................................................................................................................... 88
Zelfvertrouwen ........................................................................................................................... 88
Identiteit(ontwikkeling) ............................................................................................................... 88
Acculuratie................................................................................................................................. 91
(Bi)culturele identiteitsontwikkeling............................................................................................. 91
8.4 Sociale ontwikkeling in de adolescentie ...............................................................................94
Adolescenten en ouders ............................................................................................................. 94
Peeromgeving ............................................................................................................................. 95
Romantische relaties .................................................................................................................. 95
9. Emerging adulthood ............................................................................................................. 96
9.2 Maatschappelijke visie ........................................................................................................96
9.3 Sociologische veranderingen ...............................................................................................96
9.4 5 karakteristieken ................................................................................................................98
1. Priode van identiteit exploratie............................................................................................. 98
2. Periode van instabiliteit ....................................................................................................... 98
3. Periode van zelf focus ......................................................................................................... 98
4. Periode van ‘tussenin’ voelen .............................................................................................. 98
5. Periode van mogelijkheden .................................................................................................. 98
9.5 Urban tribe..........................................................................................................................99
9.6 Subjectief anders ................................................................................................................99
9.7 Quarterlife crisis..................................................................................................................99
9.8 Risicogedrag ..................................................................................................................... 100
9.9 Cross-cultureel perspectief ............................................................................................... 100
10. Vroege volwassenheid .................................................................................................... 101
10.1 Sociale ontwikkeling in de vroege volwassenheid ................................................................ 102
Sociale klok(ken) ...................................................................................................................... 102
Romanitische liefde .................................................................................................................. 102
Familieleven ............................................................................................................................. 103
10.2 Persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling in de vroege volwassenheid ................................................... 104
11. Midden volwassenheid ................................................................................................... 105
11.1 Fysieke ontwikkeling in de midden volwassenenheid .......................................................... 105
Beweging.................................................................................................................................. 105
3
, Zintuigen .................................................................................................................................. 106
Seksuele ontwikkeling............................................................................................................... 106
11.2 Cognitieve ontwikkeling in de midden volwassenheid.......................................................... 106
Intelligentie .............................................................................................................................. 106
Ontwikkelen van expertise ........................................................................................................ 107
11.3 Persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling in de midden volwassenheid ................................................. 107
Twee visies ............................................................................................................................... 107
Midlife crisis ............................................................................................................................. 107
11.4 Sociale ontwikkeling in de midden volwassenheid .............................................................. 107
Huwelijk en scheiding ............................................................................................................... 107
Lege nesten voor sandwichgeneratie ......................................................................................... 108
Boomerangkinderen ................................................................................................................. 108
12. Late volwassenheid ........................................................................................................ 109
Theorieën van veroudering ........................................................................................................ 109
Levensverwachting ................................................................................................................... 110
12.2 Fysieke ontwikkeling in de late volwassenheid .................................................................... 110
Afname fysieke capaciteiten ..................................................................................................... 110
12.3 Cognitieve ontwikkeling in de late volwassenheid ............................................................... 111
Intelligentie .............................................................................................................................. 111
Geheugen ................................................................................................................................ 111
12.4 Persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling in de late volwassenheid ....................................................... 112
Succesvol ouder worden ........................................................................................................... 112
12.5 Sociale ontwikkeling in de late volwassenheid .................................................................... 113
Pensionering ............................................................................................................................ 113
Overlijden van partner ............................................................................................................... 113
13. Dood .............................................................................................................................. 114
14. Begrippenlijst ................................................................................................................. 115
4
