Effectieve Opleidingen
Samenvatting van Blanchard, Thacker & Cosby (2023), Effective Training: Systems,
Strategies, and Practices (7e ed.)
, Samenvatting Effectieve Opleidingen · Blanchard, Thacker & Cosby (2023)
Inhoudstafel
Overzicht: het model van strategisch opleiden................................................................................................... 6
Hoofdstuk 1 – Training in organisaties (Training in Organizations)......................................................................7
Het hoofdstuk in 5 zinnen.............................................................................................................................. 7
Kernantwoord per leerdoel............................................................................................................................ 7
1.1 Waarom training ertoe doet.................................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Het opleidingssysteem (Training System and Processes).........................................................................8
1.3 Het ADDIE-model..................................................................................................................................... 9
1.4 Alternatieve trainingsprocesmodellen: agile en SAM.............................................................................11
1.5 ADDIE of SAM?....................................................................................................................................... 12
1.6 Belangrijke begrippen (Important Concepts and Meanings)..................................................................13
1.7 Kernuitdagingen voor opleiding (Key Issues for Training).......................................................................16
1.8 Een loopbaan in opleiding (A Career in Training)...................................................................................19
1.9 Focus op kleine ondernemingen (Focus on Small Business)...................................................................20
1.10 Voorbeeldcasus uit het boek: de studentenadministratie....................................................................20
Begrippenlijst hoofdstuk 1........................................................................................................................... 21
Verbanden met de rest van het opleidingsmodel........................................................................................ 23
Valkuilen...................................................................................................................................................... 24
Hoofdstuk 4 – Behoefteanalyse (Needs Analysis).............................................................................................. 25
Het hoofdstuk in 5 zinnen............................................................................................................................ 25
Kernantwoord per leerdoel.......................................................................................................................... 25
4.1 Waarom een behoefteanalyse? (Why Conduct a Training Needs Analysis?)..........................................26
4.2 Wanneer is een TNA niet nodig? (When to Conduct a TNA)...................................................................26
4.3 Het TNA-model (The TNA Model)........................................................................................................... 27
4.4 Waar zoek je de trigger? (Where to Look for the Trigger)......................................................................28
4.5 Hoe voer je een TNA uit? (How to Conduct a TNA)................................................................................29
4.6 De organisatieanalyse (Organizational Analysis)....................................................................................29
4.7 De operationele analyse (Operational Analysis).....................................................................................31
4.8 De persoonsanalyse (Person Analysis)................................................................................................... 35
4.9 Snelle behoefteanalyse (Rapid Needs Analysis)...................................................................................... 38
4.10 De output van de TNA (Output of TNA)................................................................................................ 38
4.11 Proactieve en reactieve TNA in detail (Approaches to TNA).................................................................39
4.12 Focus op kleine ondernemingen (Focus on Small Business).................................................................40
4.13 TNA, ontwerp en evaluatie (TNA and Design / TNA and Evaluation)....................................................40
4.14 De doorlopende case: Worldwide Technologies..................................................................................40
4.15 Appendix 4.1: goede criteria ontwikkelen............................................................................................ 42
4.16 Oefencasus uit het boek: Fred en de ijzerwinkel (Case Analysis).........................................................44
Begrippenlijst hoofdstuk 4........................................................................................................................... 44
Verbanden met de rest van het opleidingsmodel........................................................................................ 46
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, Samenvatting Effectieve Opleidingen · Blanchard, Thacker & Cosby (2023)
Valkuilen..................................................................................................................................................... 47
Hoofdstuk 5 – Trainingsontwerp (Training Design)............................................................................................ 49
Het hoofdstuk in 5 zinnen............................................................................................................................ 49
Kernantwoord per leerdoel.......................................................................................................................... 49
5.1 Overzicht: wat is trainingsontwerp? (Overview)....................................................................................50
5.2 Organisatorische beperkingen (Organizational Constraints).................................................................51
5.3 Trainingsdoelen opstellen (Developing Objectives)................................................................................ 54
5.4 Waarom trainingsdoelen gebruiken? (Why Use Training Objectives?)...................................................57
5.5 Leren faciliteren: focus op de deelnemer (Facilitation of Learning: Focus on the Trainee).....................58
5.6 Leren faciliteren: focus op het trainingsontwerp (Facilitation of Learning: Focus on Training Design)...63
5.7 Transfer faciliteren: focus op de training (Facilitation of Transfer: Focus on Training)...........................69
5.8 Transfer faciliteren: focus op organisatorische interventies (Facilitation of Transfer: Focus on
Organizational Intervention)........................................................................................................................ 73
5.9 Focus op kleine ondernemingen (Focus on Small Business)...................................................................74
5.10 De output van het ontwerp (Outcomes of Design)............................................................................... 74
5.12 De doorlopende case: Worldwide Technologies (vervolg)....................................................................74
Begrippenlijst hoofdstuk 5........................................................................................................................... 75
Verbanden met de rest van het opleidingsmodel........................................................................................ 77
Valkuilen...................................................................................................................................................... 78
Hoofdstuk 9 – Evaluatie van training (Evaluation of Training)...........................................................................80
Het hoofdstuk in 5 zinnen............................................................................................................................ 80
Kernantwoord per leerdoel.......................................................................................................................... 80
9.1 Overzicht (Overview).............................................................................................................................. 81
9.2 Waarom evalueren? (Rationale for Evaluation)...................................................................................... 82
9.3 Weerstand tegen evaluatie (Resistance to Training Evaluation).............................................................82
9.4 Procesevaluatie (Process Evaluation)..................................................................................................... 83
9.5 Uitkomstevaluatie (Outcome Evaluation)............................................................................................... 84
9.6 Kosten en baten van training (Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of Training)........................................88
9.7 Focus op kleine ondernemingen (Focus on Small Business)...................................................................90
9.9 De doorlopende case: Worldwide Technologies (slot)...........................................................................91
9.10 Case uit het boek: Nicky (Case Questions)............................................................................................ 92
9.11 Appendix 9.1: validiteit en evaluatiedesigns (Evaluation: The Validity Issues)......................................92
9.12 Appendix 9.2: utiliteitsanalyse (Utility Analysis)................................................................................... 96
Begrippenlijst hoofdstuk 9........................................................................................................................... 96
Verbanden met de rest van het opleidingsmodel........................................................................................ 97
Valkuilen...................................................................................................................................................... 98
Hoofdstuk 6 – Traditionele trainingsmethoden (Traditional Training Methods)................................................99
Het hoofdstuk in 5 zinnen............................................................................................................................ 99
Kernantwoord per leerdoel.......................................................................................................................... 99
6.1 Overzicht (Overview).............................................................................................................................. 99
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, Samenvatting Effectieve Opleidingen · Blanchard, Thacker & Cosby (2023)
6.2 Lezingen en demonstraties (Lectures and Demonstrations).................................................................100
6.3 Spellen en simulaties (Games and Simulations)...................................................................................103
6.4 Sterktes en beperkingen van spellen en simulaties (Strengths and Limitations of Games and
Simulations)............................................................................................................................................... 106
6.5 Training op de werkplek (On-the-Job Training, OJT).............................................................................108
6.6 Methoden koppelen aan uitkomsten (Matching Methods with Outcomes).........................................112
6.7 Informeel leren (Informal Learning)..................................................................................................... 114
6.8 Audiovisuele hulpmiddelen (Audiovisual Enhancements to Training)..................................................114
6.10 Case uit het boek: Training for Student Service Specialist..................................................................115
Begrippenlijst hoofdstuk 6......................................................................................................................... 116
Verbanden met de rest van het opleidingsmodel...................................................................................... 118
Valkuilen.................................................................................................................................................... 118
Hoofdstuk 7 – Elektronische trainingsmethoden (Electronic Training Methods).............................................120
Het hoofdstuk in 5 zinnen.......................................................................................................................... 120
Kernantwoord per leerdoel........................................................................................................................ 120
7.1 Overzicht (Overview)............................................................................................................................ 121
7.2 Het learning technology ecosystem (The Learning Technology Ecosystem).........................................121
7.3 Leerkanalen (Delivery Channels).......................................................................................................... 123
7.4 Het e-trainingsproces (Technology Enhanced Training Process)..........................................................125
7.5 Sterktes en beperkingen van e-training (Strengths and Limitations of E-Training)...............................126
7.6 Cyberveiligheid (Cybersecurity Considerations)...................................................................................127
Begrippenlijst hoofdstuk 7......................................................................................................................... 127
Verbanden met de rest van het opleidingsmodel...................................................................................... 128
Valkuilen.................................................................................................................................................... 129
Hoofdstuk 8 – Ontwikkeling, implementatie en transfer van training (Development, Implementation, and
Transfer of Training)........................................................................................................................................ 130
Het hoofdstuk in 5 zinnen.......................................................................................................................... 130
Kernantwoord per leerdoel........................................................................................................................ 130
8.1 Overzicht (Overview)............................................................................................................................ 131
8.2 Ontwikkeling van de training (Development of Training).....................................................................131
8.3 De trainer (The Trainer)........................................................................................................................ 135
8.4 Overzicht van de implementatie (Overview of the Implementation of Training)..................................137
8.5 Implementatie-ideeën voor de opbouw van de training (Implementation Ideas for Training Structure)
................................................................................................................................................................... 137
8.6 Implementatie-ideeën voor trainers (Implementation Ideas for Trainers)...........................................139
8.7 De dry run en het pilotprogramma (Dry Run and Pilot Program).........................................................141
8.8 Transfer van training (Transfer of Training).......................................................................................... 141
8.10 De doorlopende case: Worldwide Technologies (ontwikkelfase).......................................................142
Begrippenlijst hoofdstuk 8......................................................................................................................... 144
Verbanden met de rest van het opleidingsmodel...................................................................................... 145
Valkuilen.................................................................................................................................................... 145
4
Samenvatting van Blanchard, Thacker & Cosby (2023), Effective Training: Systems,
Strategies, and Practices (7e ed.)
, Samenvatting Effectieve Opleidingen · Blanchard, Thacker & Cosby (2023)
Inhoudstafel
Overzicht: het model van strategisch opleiden................................................................................................... 6
Hoofdstuk 1 – Training in organisaties (Training in Organizations)......................................................................7
Het hoofdstuk in 5 zinnen.............................................................................................................................. 7
Kernantwoord per leerdoel............................................................................................................................ 7
1.1 Waarom training ertoe doet.................................................................................................................... 8
1.2 Het opleidingssysteem (Training System and Processes).........................................................................8
1.3 Het ADDIE-model..................................................................................................................................... 9
1.4 Alternatieve trainingsprocesmodellen: agile en SAM.............................................................................11
1.5 ADDIE of SAM?....................................................................................................................................... 12
1.6 Belangrijke begrippen (Important Concepts and Meanings)..................................................................13
1.7 Kernuitdagingen voor opleiding (Key Issues for Training).......................................................................16
1.8 Een loopbaan in opleiding (A Career in Training)...................................................................................19
1.9 Focus op kleine ondernemingen (Focus on Small Business)...................................................................20
1.10 Voorbeeldcasus uit het boek: de studentenadministratie....................................................................20
Begrippenlijst hoofdstuk 1........................................................................................................................... 21
Verbanden met de rest van het opleidingsmodel........................................................................................ 23
Valkuilen...................................................................................................................................................... 24
Hoofdstuk 4 – Behoefteanalyse (Needs Analysis).............................................................................................. 25
Het hoofdstuk in 5 zinnen............................................................................................................................ 25
Kernantwoord per leerdoel.......................................................................................................................... 25
4.1 Waarom een behoefteanalyse? (Why Conduct a Training Needs Analysis?)..........................................26
4.2 Wanneer is een TNA niet nodig? (When to Conduct a TNA)...................................................................26
4.3 Het TNA-model (The TNA Model)........................................................................................................... 27
4.4 Waar zoek je de trigger? (Where to Look for the Trigger)......................................................................28
4.5 Hoe voer je een TNA uit? (How to Conduct a TNA)................................................................................29
4.6 De organisatieanalyse (Organizational Analysis)....................................................................................29
4.7 De operationele analyse (Operational Analysis).....................................................................................31
4.8 De persoonsanalyse (Person Analysis)................................................................................................... 35
4.9 Snelle behoefteanalyse (Rapid Needs Analysis)...................................................................................... 38
4.10 De output van de TNA (Output of TNA)................................................................................................ 38
4.11 Proactieve en reactieve TNA in detail (Approaches to TNA).................................................................39
4.12 Focus op kleine ondernemingen (Focus on Small Business).................................................................40
4.13 TNA, ontwerp en evaluatie (TNA and Design / TNA and Evaluation)....................................................40
4.14 De doorlopende case: Worldwide Technologies..................................................................................40
4.15 Appendix 4.1: goede criteria ontwikkelen............................................................................................ 42
4.16 Oefencasus uit het boek: Fred en de ijzerwinkel (Case Analysis).........................................................44
Begrippenlijst hoofdstuk 4........................................................................................................................... 44
Verbanden met de rest van het opleidingsmodel........................................................................................ 46
2
, Samenvatting Effectieve Opleidingen · Blanchard, Thacker & Cosby (2023)
Valkuilen..................................................................................................................................................... 47
Hoofdstuk 5 – Trainingsontwerp (Training Design)............................................................................................ 49
Het hoofdstuk in 5 zinnen............................................................................................................................ 49
Kernantwoord per leerdoel.......................................................................................................................... 49
5.1 Overzicht: wat is trainingsontwerp? (Overview)....................................................................................50
5.2 Organisatorische beperkingen (Organizational Constraints).................................................................51
5.3 Trainingsdoelen opstellen (Developing Objectives)................................................................................ 54
5.4 Waarom trainingsdoelen gebruiken? (Why Use Training Objectives?)...................................................57
5.5 Leren faciliteren: focus op de deelnemer (Facilitation of Learning: Focus on the Trainee).....................58
5.6 Leren faciliteren: focus op het trainingsontwerp (Facilitation of Learning: Focus on Training Design)...63
5.7 Transfer faciliteren: focus op de training (Facilitation of Transfer: Focus on Training)...........................69
5.8 Transfer faciliteren: focus op organisatorische interventies (Facilitation of Transfer: Focus on
Organizational Intervention)........................................................................................................................ 73
5.9 Focus op kleine ondernemingen (Focus on Small Business)...................................................................74
5.10 De output van het ontwerp (Outcomes of Design)............................................................................... 74
5.12 De doorlopende case: Worldwide Technologies (vervolg)....................................................................74
Begrippenlijst hoofdstuk 5........................................................................................................................... 75
Verbanden met de rest van het opleidingsmodel........................................................................................ 77
Valkuilen...................................................................................................................................................... 78
Hoofdstuk 9 – Evaluatie van training (Evaluation of Training)...........................................................................80
Het hoofdstuk in 5 zinnen............................................................................................................................ 80
Kernantwoord per leerdoel.......................................................................................................................... 80
9.1 Overzicht (Overview).............................................................................................................................. 81
9.2 Waarom evalueren? (Rationale for Evaluation)...................................................................................... 82
9.3 Weerstand tegen evaluatie (Resistance to Training Evaluation).............................................................82
9.4 Procesevaluatie (Process Evaluation)..................................................................................................... 83
9.5 Uitkomstevaluatie (Outcome Evaluation)............................................................................................... 84
9.6 Kosten en baten van training (Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of Training)........................................88
9.7 Focus op kleine ondernemingen (Focus on Small Business)...................................................................90
9.9 De doorlopende case: Worldwide Technologies (slot)...........................................................................91
9.10 Case uit het boek: Nicky (Case Questions)............................................................................................ 92
9.11 Appendix 9.1: validiteit en evaluatiedesigns (Evaluation: The Validity Issues)......................................92
9.12 Appendix 9.2: utiliteitsanalyse (Utility Analysis)................................................................................... 96
Begrippenlijst hoofdstuk 9........................................................................................................................... 96
Verbanden met de rest van het opleidingsmodel........................................................................................ 97
Valkuilen...................................................................................................................................................... 98
Hoofdstuk 6 – Traditionele trainingsmethoden (Traditional Training Methods)................................................99
Het hoofdstuk in 5 zinnen............................................................................................................................ 99
Kernantwoord per leerdoel.......................................................................................................................... 99
6.1 Overzicht (Overview).............................................................................................................................. 99
3
, Samenvatting Effectieve Opleidingen · Blanchard, Thacker & Cosby (2023)
6.2 Lezingen en demonstraties (Lectures and Demonstrations).................................................................100
6.3 Spellen en simulaties (Games and Simulations)...................................................................................103
6.4 Sterktes en beperkingen van spellen en simulaties (Strengths and Limitations of Games and
Simulations)............................................................................................................................................... 106
6.5 Training op de werkplek (On-the-Job Training, OJT).............................................................................108
6.6 Methoden koppelen aan uitkomsten (Matching Methods with Outcomes).........................................112
6.7 Informeel leren (Informal Learning)..................................................................................................... 114
6.8 Audiovisuele hulpmiddelen (Audiovisual Enhancements to Training)..................................................114
6.10 Case uit het boek: Training for Student Service Specialist..................................................................115
Begrippenlijst hoofdstuk 6......................................................................................................................... 116
Verbanden met de rest van het opleidingsmodel...................................................................................... 118
Valkuilen.................................................................................................................................................... 118
Hoofdstuk 7 – Elektronische trainingsmethoden (Electronic Training Methods).............................................120
Het hoofdstuk in 5 zinnen.......................................................................................................................... 120
Kernantwoord per leerdoel........................................................................................................................ 120
7.1 Overzicht (Overview)............................................................................................................................ 121
7.2 Het learning technology ecosystem (The Learning Technology Ecosystem).........................................121
7.3 Leerkanalen (Delivery Channels).......................................................................................................... 123
7.4 Het e-trainingsproces (Technology Enhanced Training Process)..........................................................125
7.5 Sterktes en beperkingen van e-training (Strengths and Limitations of E-Training)...............................126
7.6 Cyberveiligheid (Cybersecurity Considerations)...................................................................................127
Begrippenlijst hoofdstuk 7......................................................................................................................... 127
Verbanden met de rest van het opleidingsmodel...................................................................................... 128
Valkuilen.................................................................................................................................................... 129
Hoofdstuk 8 – Ontwikkeling, implementatie en transfer van training (Development, Implementation, and
Transfer of Training)........................................................................................................................................ 130
Het hoofdstuk in 5 zinnen.......................................................................................................................... 130
Kernantwoord per leerdoel........................................................................................................................ 130
8.1 Overzicht (Overview)............................................................................................................................ 131
8.2 Ontwikkeling van de training (Development of Training).....................................................................131
8.3 De trainer (The Trainer)........................................................................................................................ 135
8.4 Overzicht van de implementatie (Overview of the Implementation of Training)..................................137
8.5 Implementatie-ideeën voor de opbouw van de training (Implementation Ideas for Training Structure)
................................................................................................................................................................... 137
8.6 Implementatie-ideeën voor trainers (Implementation Ideas for Trainers)...........................................139
8.7 De dry run en het pilotprogramma (Dry Run and Pilot Program).........................................................141
8.8 Transfer van training (Transfer of Training).......................................................................................... 141
8.10 De doorlopende case: Worldwide Technologies (ontwikkelfase).......................................................142
Begrippenlijst hoofdstuk 8......................................................................................................................... 144
Verbanden met de rest van het opleidingsmodel...................................................................................... 145
Valkuilen.................................................................................................................................................... 145
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