Ontwikkelingspsychologie aantekeningen
Hoorcollege 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 5
Leerdoelen (uitwerking) .....................................................................................................................................6
Typeren en evalueren van theorieën ..................................................................................................................7
Centrale vraagstukken van de OP ......................................................................................................................9
Con$nuïteit/discon$nuïteit ...........................................................................................................................9
Plas$citeit: kri$eke en gevoelige perioden .................................................................................................10
Bronnen van ontwikkeling: nature en nurture ............................................................................................10
Levensloopmodel versus focus op specifieke perioden ..............................................................................10
Individuele verschillen .................................................................................................................................10
Grand theories .................................................................................................................................................10
Behaviorisme ...............................................................................................................................................10
Construc$visme (Piaget) .............................................................................................................................11
Sociaal-culturele theorie (Vygotsky)............................................................................................................11
Psychodynamische theorieën......................................................................................................................11
Ecologische systeemtheorie van Bronfenbrenner.............................................................................................11
Dataverzamelingsmethoden ............................................................................................................................12
Onderzoeksopzet in ontwikkelingspsychologie onderzoek ...............................................................................12
Ethische aspecten van onderzoek ....................................................................................................................12
Hoorcollege 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 13
Nature en nurture ............................................................................................................................................13
Klassieke gedragsgeneOca ...............................................................................................................................13
Genen en omgeving .........................................................................................................................................15
Cultuur .............................................................................................................................................................15
Hoorcollege 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 19
Fasen van prenatale ontwikkeling....................................................................................................................19
Germinale fase ............................................................................................................................................19
Embryonale fase ..........................................................................................................................................19
Foetale fase .................................................................................................................................................20
De prenatale omgeving ....................................................................................................................................20
Teratogenen .....................................................................................................................................................21
Geboorte ..........................................................................................................................................................23
Neonatale ontwikkeling ...................................................................................................................................23
Hoorcollege 4 .............................................................................................................................................. 25
Leren ................................................................................................................................................................25
Klassiek condiOoneren......................................................................................................................................25
Operant condiOoneren .....................................................................................................................................29
Reinforcer = bekrachter ...............................................................................................................................29
Punishment = straf ......................................................................................................................................29
Reinforcementschedules/bekrach$gingsschema’s .....................................................................................30
, Biologische beperkingen/ biological constraints .........................................................................................30
Hoorcollege 5 .............................................................................................................................................. 33
Gehechtheid .....................................................................................................................................................33
Strange situa$on procedure – Ainsworth....................................................................................................36
Soorten hech$ng .........................................................................................................................................36
Sociaal leren .....................................................................................................................................................39
Grondlegger: Albert Bandura (1925-2023) .................................................................................................39
Experiment Bandura....................................................................................................................................40
Hoorcollege 6 .............................................................................................................................................. 43
Piaget ...............................................................................................................................................................43
Kernbegrippen.............................................................................................................................................44
Sensorimotor stadium .................................................................................................................................45
InformaOeverwerkingstheorie van de cogniOeve ontwikkeling .......................................................................47
De ontwikkeling van aandacht en geheugen ...............................................................................................48
Hoorcollege 7 .............................................................................................................................................. 50
Sociaal-emoOonele ontwikkeling babyOjd .......................................................................................................50
Emo$es........................................................................................................................................................50
Primaire en secundaire intersubjec$viteit ..................................................................................................51
Communica$e .............................................................................................................................................51
Zel_esef (sense-of-self) ..............................................................................................................................51
Theory of mind (ToM)..................................................................................................................................52
Empathie .....................................................................................................................................................52
Rela$es via interac$es .................................................................................................................................52
Temperament ...................................................................................................................................................54
Dimensies versus typen ...............................................................................................................................55
Zelfregula$e ................................................................................................................................................56
Hoorcollege 8 .............................................................................................................................................. 57
PreoperaOoneel stadium ..................................................................................................................................57
Informa$everwerkingstheorie ....................................................................................................................59
Cogni$eve ontwikkeling in privileged domains ...........................................................................................60
Theory of mind .................................................................................................................................................60
Vygotsky (1896-1934)......................................................................................................................................61
Zone van de naaste ontwikkeling (ZPD).......................................................................................................62
Deel 2: schoolOjd - concreet operaOonele stadium ..........................................................................................63
Informa$everwerkingstheorie ....................................................................................................................64
Hoorcollege 9 .............................................................................................................................................. 66
Deel 1: De sociale en emoOonele ontwikkeling in de kinderOjd .......................................................................66
Wat is zel_eeld of iden$teit? .....................................................................................................................66
De ontwikkeling van de persoonlijke iden$teit ...........................................................................................67
De ontwikkeling van genderiden$teit .........................................................................................................67
Invloed van cultuur......................................................................................................................................69
De sociale ontwikkeling in de peuter- en kleuter$jd ...................................................................................69
De ontwikkeling van prosociaal gedrag .......................................................................................................70
De ontwikkeling en regula$e van agressie ..................................................................................................71
Deel 2: sociale en emoOonele ontwikkeling in de schoolOjd ............................................................................72
Ontwikkeling van het zel_eeld in de school$jd ..........................................................................................72
, Rela$e met peers in de school$jd ...............................................................................................................73
Rela$e met peers: pesten............................................................................................................................73
Rela$e met peers in de school$jd ...............................................................................................................74
Deel 3: sociaal-emoOonele ontwikkeling in de adolescenOe ............................................................................74
De ontwikkeling van iden$teit.....................................................................................................................74
De ontwikkeling van de etnische iden$teit .................................................................................................74
De ontwikkeling van de iden$teit................................................................................................................75
Hoorcollege 10a .......................................................................................................................................... 76
Morele ontwikkeling.........................................................................................................................................76
Piagets theorie over morele ontwikkeling ........................................................................................................77
Morele ontwikkeling Kohlberg .........................................................................................................................77
Kohlbergs niveaus (stadia)...........................................................................................................................78
De 6 stadia van Kohlberg .............................................................................................................................78
Hoorcollege 10b .......................................................................................................................................... 82
IntelligenOe ......................................................................................................................................................82
De aard van intelligenOe: verschillende opvaZng ...........................................................................................82
De aard van intelligenOe: Ca[ell ......................................................................................................................83
De aard van intelligenOe: CHC-model ..............................................................................................................83
De aard van intelligenOe: Gardner ...................................................................................................................83
De aard van intelligenOe: Sternberg ................................................................................................................83
Hoorcollege 11 ............................................................................................................................................ 86
Motorische ontwikkeling ..................................................................................................................................86
MO: bij baby’s .............................................................................................................................................86
MO: 2 tot 24 maanden ................................................................................................................................87
MO: in de kinder$jd ....................................................................................................................................87
MO: nature of nurture? ...............................................................................................................................88
Theore$sche stromingen van de motorische ontwikkeling: .......................................................................88
Zintuigelijke ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................................88
Zintuigelijke ontwikkeling – prenataal .........................................................................................................89
Zintuigelijke ontwikkeling – baby ................................................................................................................89
Hoorcollege 12 ............................................................................................................................................ 91
Puberteit ..........................................................................................................................................................91
Fysieke ontwikkeling....................................................................................................................................91
De emoOonele ontwikkeling in de adolescenOe ...............................................................................................92
CogniOeve ontwikkeling ...................................................................................................................................93
Piaget: formeel opera$onele stadium .........................................................................................................93
Informa$everwerkingstheorie ....................................................................................................................95
Egocentrisme in de adolescen$e.................................................................................................................95
De ontwikkeling van de iden$teit................................................................................................................95
Marcia’s iden$teitsstatussen .......................................................................................................................96
De sociale ontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................................96
Vriendschappen ..........................................................................................................................................97
Peerstatus in de school$jd ..........................................................................................................................97
Hoorcollege 13 ............................................................................................................................................ 99
, Deelaspecten van taal ......................................................................................................................................99
Fonologie .....................................................................................................................................................99
Morfologie ...................................................................................................................................................99
Seman$ek....................................................................................................................................................99
Syntaxis......................................................................................................................................................100
Pragma$ek ................................................................................................................................................100
Metalinguïs$ek ..........................................................................................................................................100
Prelinguale periode (0-12 maanden) .............................................................................................................100
Vroeglinguale fase: 1 -2,5 jaar .......................................................................................................................101
DifferenOaOefase: 2,5 – 5 jaar........................................................................................................................102
Voltooiingsfase: 5-9 jaar ................................................................................................................................103
Theorieën over taalontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................103
Leertheorie (Skinner) ................................................................................................................................103
Na$vis$sche benadering ...........................................................................................................................104
Cogni$eve benadering ..............................................................................................................................104
Interac$onele benadering .........................................................................................................................104
Hoorcollege 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 5
Leerdoelen (uitwerking) .....................................................................................................................................6
Typeren en evalueren van theorieën ..................................................................................................................7
Centrale vraagstukken van de OP ......................................................................................................................9
Con$nuïteit/discon$nuïteit ...........................................................................................................................9
Plas$citeit: kri$eke en gevoelige perioden .................................................................................................10
Bronnen van ontwikkeling: nature en nurture ............................................................................................10
Levensloopmodel versus focus op specifieke perioden ..............................................................................10
Individuele verschillen .................................................................................................................................10
Grand theories .................................................................................................................................................10
Behaviorisme ...............................................................................................................................................10
Construc$visme (Piaget) .............................................................................................................................11
Sociaal-culturele theorie (Vygotsky)............................................................................................................11
Psychodynamische theorieën......................................................................................................................11
Ecologische systeemtheorie van Bronfenbrenner.............................................................................................11
Dataverzamelingsmethoden ............................................................................................................................12
Onderzoeksopzet in ontwikkelingspsychologie onderzoek ...............................................................................12
Ethische aspecten van onderzoek ....................................................................................................................12
Hoorcollege 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 13
Nature en nurture ............................................................................................................................................13
Klassieke gedragsgeneOca ...............................................................................................................................13
Genen en omgeving .........................................................................................................................................15
Cultuur .............................................................................................................................................................15
Hoorcollege 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 19
Fasen van prenatale ontwikkeling....................................................................................................................19
Germinale fase ............................................................................................................................................19
Embryonale fase ..........................................................................................................................................19
Foetale fase .................................................................................................................................................20
De prenatale omgeving ....................................................................................................................................20
Teratogenen .....................................................................................................................................................21
Geboorte ..........................................................................................................................................................23
Neonatale ontwikkeling ...................................................................................................................................23
Hoorcollege 4 .............................................................................................................................................. 25
Leren ................................................................................................................................................................25
Klassiek condiOoneren......................................................................................................................................25
Operant condiOoneren .....................................................................................................................................29
Reinforcer = bekrachter ...............................................................................................................................29
Punishment = straf ......................................................................................................................................29
Reinforcementschedules/bekrach$gingsschema’s .....................................................................................30
, Biologische beperkingen/ biological constraints .........................................................................................30
Hoorcollege 5 .............................................................................................................................................. 33
Gehechtheid .....................................................................................................................................................33
Strange situa$on procedure – Ainsworth....................................................................................................36
Soorten hech$ng .........................................................................................................................................36
Sociaal leren .....................................................................................................................................................39
Grondlegger: Albert Bandura (1925-2023) .................................................................................................39
Experiment Bandura....................................................................................................................................40
Hoorcollege 6 .............................................................................................................................................. 43
Piaget ...............................................................................................................................................................43
Kernbegrippen.............................................................................................................................................44
Sensorimotor stadium .................................................................................................................................45
InformaOeverwerkingstheorie van de cogniOeve ontwikkeling .......................................................................47
De ontwikkeling van aandacht en geheugen ...............................................................................................48
Hoorcollege 7 .............................................................................................................................................. 50
Sociaal-emoOonele ontwikkeling babyOjd .......................................................................................................50
Emo$es........................................................................................................................................................50
Primaire en secundaire intersubjec$viteit ..................................................................................................51
Communica$e .............................................................................................................................................51
Zel_esef (sense-of-self) ..............................................................................................................................51
Theory of mind (ToM)..................................................................................................................................52
Empathie .....................................................................................................................................................52
Rela$es via interac$es .................................................................................................................................52
Temperament ...................................................................................................................................................54
Dimensies versus typen ...............................................................................................................................55
Zelfregula$e ................................................................................................................................................56
Hoorcollege 8 .............................................................................................................................................. 57
PreoperaOoneel stadium ..................................................................................................................................57
Informa$everwerkingstheorie ....................................................................................................................59
Cogni$eve ontwikkeling in privileged domains ...........................................................................................60
Theory of mind .................................................................................................................................................60
Vygotsky (1896-1934)......................................................................................................................................61
Zone van de naaste ontwikkeling (ZPD).......................................................................................................62
Deel 2: schoolOjd - concreet operaOonele stadium ..........................................................................................63
Informa$everwerkingstheorie ....................................................................................................................64
Hoorcollege 9 .............................................................................................................................................. 66
Deel 1: De sociale en emoOonele ontwikkeling in de kinderOjd .......................................................................66
Wat is zel_eeld of iden$teit? .....................................................................................................................66
De ontwikkeling van de persoonlijke iden$teit ...........................................................................................67
De ontwikkeling van genderiden$teit .........................................................................................................67
Invloed van cultuur......................................................................................................................................69
De sociale ontwikkeling in de peuter- en kleuter$jd ...................................................................................69
De ontwikkeling van prosociaal gedrag .......................................................................................................70
De ontwikkeling en regula$e van agressie ..................................................................................................71
Deel 2: sociale en emoOonele ontwikkeling in de schoolOjd ............................................................................72
Ontwikkeling van het zel_eeld in de school$jd ..........................................................................................72
, Rela$e met peers in de school$jd ...............................................................................................................73
Rela$e met peers: pesten............................................................................................................................73
Rela$e met peers in de school$jd ...............................................................................................................74
Deel 3: sociaal-emoOonele ontwikkeling in de adolescenOe ............................................................................74
De ontwikkeling van iden$teit.....................................................................................................................74
De ontwikkeling van de etnische iden$teit .................................................................................................74
De ontwikkeling van de iden$teit................................................................................................................75
Hoorcollege 10a .......................................................................................................................................... 76
Morele ontwikkeling.........................................................................................................................................76
Piagets theorie over morele ontwikkeling ........................................................................................................77
Morele ontwikkeling Kohlberg .........................................................................................................................77
Kohlbergs niveaus (stadia)...........................................................................................................................78
De 6 stadia van Kohlberg .............................................................................................................................78
Hoorcollege 10b .......................................................................................................................................... 82
IntelligenOe ......................................................................................................................................................82
De aard van intelligenOe: verschillende opvaZng ...........................................................................................82
De aard van intelligenOe: Ca[ell ......................................................................................................................83
De aard van intelligenOe: CHC-model ..............................................................................................................83
De aard van intelligenOe: Gardner ...................................................................................................................83
De aard van intelligenOe: Sternberg ................................................................................................................83
Hoorcollege 11 ............................................................................................................................................ 86
Motorische ontwikkeling ..................................................................................................................................86
MO: bij baby’s .............................................................................................................................................86
MO: 2 tot 24 maanden ................................................................................................................................87
MO: in de kinder$jd ....................................................................................................................................87
MO: nature of nurture? ...............................................................................................................................88
Theore$sche stromingen van de motorische ontwikkeling: .......................................................................88
Zintuigelijke ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................................88
Zintuigelijke ontwikkeling – prenataal .........................................................................................................89
Zintuigelijke ontwikkeling – baby ................................................................................................................89
Hoorcollege 12 ............................................................................................................................................ 91
Puberteit ..........................................................................................................................................................91
Fysieke ontwikkeling....................................................................................................................................91
De emoOonele ontwikkeling in de adolescenOe ...............................................................................................92
CogniOeve ontwikkeling ...................................................................................................................................93
Piaget: formeel opera$onele stadium .........................................................................................................93
Informa$everwerkingstheorie ....................................................................................................................95
Egocentrisme in de adolescen$e.................................................................................................................95
De ontwikkeling van de iden$teit................................................................................................................95
Marcia’s iden$teitsstatussen .......................................................................................................................96
De sociale ontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................................96
Vriendschappen ..........................................................................................................................................97
Peerstatus in de school$jd ..........................................................................................................................97
Hoorcollege 13 ............................................................................................................................................ 99
, Deelaspecten van taal ......................................................................................................................................99
Fonologie .....................................................................................................................................................99
Morfologie ...................................................................................................................................................99
Seman$ek....................................................................................................................................................99
Syntaxis......................................................................................................................................................100
Pragma$ek ................................................................................................................................................100
Metalinguïs$ek ..........................................................................................................................................100
Prelinguale periode (0-12 maanden) .............................................................................................................100
Vroeglinguale fase: 1 -2,5 jaar .......................................................................................................................101
DifferenOaOefase: 2,5 – 5 jaar........................................................................................................................102
Voltooiingsfase: 5-9 jaar ................................................................................................................................103
Theorieën over taalontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................103
Leertheorie (Skinner) ................................................................................................................................103
Na$vis$sche benadering ...........................................................................................................................104
Cogni$eve benadering ..............................................................................................................................104
Interac$onele benadering .........................................................................................................................104
