2025-2026
SAMENVATTING - BUSINESS ANALYSE
PROF. DR. JOCHEN DE WEERDT
MERI DELBROEK
,Inhoud
Business analyse.......................................................................................................................................4
BA1. Introduction to business analysis....................................................................................................4
1. What is business analysis? .........................................................................................................4
2. Role of a business analyst ..........................................................................................................5
3. Competencies of a business analysist ........................................................................................ 6
4. BA planning and monitoring ........................................................................................................7
5. Stakeholder engagement............................................................................................................ 8
6. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 11
BA2. Context Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 11
1. Business Strategy..................................................................................................................... 11
2. External Context Analysis ......................................................................................................... 13
3. Internal Context Analysis .......................................................................................................... 14
4. Strategy Execution ................................................................................................................... 15
5. Link to Enterprise Architecture (EA) ........................................................................................... 21
6. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 22
BA3. Requirements Engineering ............................................................................................................ 23
1. Requirements Definition and Types........................................................................................... 24
2. Requirements Elicitation .......................................................................................................... 26
3. Requirements Analysis ............................................................................................................. 27
4. Requirements Validation .......................................................................................................... 30
5. Requirements Documentation.................................................................................................. 31
6. Requirements Modelling .......................................................................................................... 33
7. Requirements Management ..................................................................................................... 38
8. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 39
BA4. Delivery of Solution and Project Management ............................................................................... 40
1. Making the Business Case ........................................................................................................ 40
2. Solution Development Approaches .......................................................................................... 42
3. Testing the Solution .................................................................................................................. 46
4. Delivering the Solution ............................................................................................................. 49
5. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 50
Business process management ............................................................................................................... 51
BPM1. Introduction to BPM................................................................................................................... 51
1. The world of business process management ............................................................................. 51
2. The BPM lifecycle ..................................................................................................................... 54
3. Process discovery: as-is process modelling ............................................................................... 61
BPM2. Essential Process Modelling ...................................................................................................... 66
1
, 1. Process modelling languages ................................................................................................... 66
2. Process modelling with BPMN: control – flow ............................................................................ 72
3. Process modelling with BPMN: subprocesses ........................................................................... 72
4. Process modelling with BPMN: repetition .................................................................................. 76
BPM3. Advanced Process Modelling ..................................................................................................... 78
1. Process modelling with BPMN: events ...................................................................................... 78
2. Process modelling with BPMN: exceptions ................................................................................ 81
3. Resource modelling ................................................................................................................. 84
4. Data modelling ........................................................................................................................ 85
BPM4. Declarative process modelling ................................................................................................... 86
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 86
2. Declarative process modelling .................................................................................................. 88
3. Declare.................................................................................................................................... 89
4. Declare constraints and execution ............................................................................................ 91
5. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 94
BPM5. Process Model Verification, validation and certification .............................................................. 94
1. Process model quality assurance ............................................................................................. 94
2. Syntactic quality – verification .................................................................................................. 95
3. Semantic quality – validation .................................................................................................. 100
4. Pragmatic quality – Certification ............................................................................................. 100
5. Case study: predicting errors in process models ..................................................................... 102
6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 104
BPM6. Decision Modelling with DMN .................................................................................................. 105
1. Process modelling and decisions ............................................................................................ 105
2. Decision Model and Notation (DMN) ....................................................................................... 108
3. Decision requirements modelling ........................................................................................... 110
4. DMN decision logic ................................................................................................................ 113
5. Decision tables ...................................................................................................................... 114
6. Expression language for decision logic (FEEL).......................................................................... 117
7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 118
BPM7. Qualitative Process Analysis .................................................................................................... 119
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 119
2. Value-added analysis & waste analysis ................................................................................... 120
4. Issue documentation ............................................................................................................. 122
5. Root cause analysis ............................................................................................................... 123
6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 125
BPM8. Quantitative process analysis .................................................................................................. 126
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 126
2
, 2. Flow analysis ......................................................................................................................... 127
3. Queuing Analysis ................................................................................................................... 130
4. Simulation ............................................................................................................................. 133
5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 134
BPM9. Process Redesign .................................................................................................................... 135
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 135
2. Business Process Reengineering (BPR) ................................................................................... 136
3. Heuristic process redesign ..................................................................................................... 139
4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 144
BPM10. Process Automation .............................................................................................................. 144
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 144
2. Bridging the gap: A five step approach ..................................................................................... 145
3. Business Process Management Systems (BPMS) ..................................................................... 148
4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 151
BPM11. Process Mining – Process Discovery ....................................................................................... 151
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 151
2. Process discovery .................................................................................................................. 153
3. The Alpha algorithm ............................................................................................................... 155
4. Heuristic process discovery.................................................................................................... 157
5. Other process discovery approaches ...................................................................................... 159
6. Event data ............................................................................................................................. 162
7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 165
BPM12. Process Mining – Conformance Checking ............................................................................... 166
1. Introduction to Conformance Checking .................................................................................. 166
2. Measuring fitness ................................................................................................................... 168
3. Measuring precision ............................................................................................................... 171
4. Measuring generalization and simplicity .................................................................................. 174
5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 175
BPM13. Process Mining – Extension and Tooling .................................................................................. 175
1. Extension Techniques............................................................................................................. 175
2. Predictive Process Mining ....................................................................................................... 180
3. Tool Support .......................................................................................................................... 184
4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 185
3
, There will be a question
about every part on the
Business analyse exam
BA1. Introduction to business analysis
1. What is business analysis?
“Business analysis is the practice of enabling change in an enterprise by defining needs and recommending
solutions that deliver value to stakeholders”
You have to make sure that business analysis is aligned with the strategy, BUT it is mostly on the
organisational level
Proliferation of IT systems (80s)
- Rapid growth of IT systems
- Organizations started digitizing business processes
- Increasing complexity created a need to align IT with business goals
- The Business Analyst field emerged during this period
- Digitalization became a key driver of business analysis practice
This demand for change is increasing these days
Project success
IT alone does not deliver success, true impact requires a
broader view of business change
BACCM
= business analysis core concept model
BA is not a research field BUT a lot of research has an impact, such as change management etc.
4
,BABOK
= business analysis body of knowledge
- Standard reference – Defines concepts, activities, deliverables
- Accepted practices – Captures what professionals use today
- Beyond IT – Broader than just software requirements
- By professionals – Developed and enhanced by practitioners
- Not a methodology – No step - by - step instructions
2. Role of a business analyst
What is a business analyst?
- Liaison among stakeholders
o Elicit, analyse, communicate, and validate requirements
- Business focus
o Ensure solutions meet real business needs
- Scope of solutions
o IT - related, non - IT, or process improvement
- Core responsibility
o Understand actual needs, not just expressed desires
o Align business needs with IT capabilities
Types of business analyst
- Business Analyst (they don’t typically code)
o Focus on business processes & problem - solving
- IT Business Analyst
o Bridge between business & IT, defines “what” the system must do
- Systems Analyst
o Focus on system design & technical aspects, defines “how” it will work
- Business Systems Analyst
o Hybrid of IT BA and Systems Analyst
Roles
5
,3. Competencies of a business analysist
What is a competency?
A competency is the capability to apply or use a set of related knowledge, skills, and abilities required to
successfully perform "critical work functions" or tasks in a defined work setting.
Main areas of competence
1. Business Knowledge
2. Analytical Thinking
3. Organizing and Time Management
4. Communication and Interaction
5. Tools and Techniques
1. Business knowledge
- External Business Knowledge:
o Business Acumen
o Industry Knowledge
o Information Technology
- Internal Business Knowledge:
o Business Model and Strategies
o Organizational Knowledge
2. Analytical thinking
- Discovering
- Synthesizing
- Analysis
- Identifying
- Evaluating
3. Organization and time management
- Organizing…
- Different types of meetings
- Manage complex plans
- Manage frequent changes
4.Communication and interaction
- While being neutral, facilitate …
Agreements, discussions, collaborations, meetings, workshops, eliciting facts, perspectives
5.Tools & techniques
6
,4. BA planning and monitoring
Knowledge areas
BA planning parameters
Further knowledge areas and tasks
Elicitation
- Focus on gathering requirements from various stakeholder groups
- Identify the tasks, knowledge and techniques for capturing requirements
- “ What do the Stakeholders need ? ”
- Example elicitation techniques:
o Brainstorming o Requirements Workshop
o Focus Groups o Survey/ Questionnaire
o Interviewing o Document Analysis
o Observation o Interface Analysis
7
o Prototyping
,Requirements management and communications
- Focus on presenting and communicating documented requirements to all stakeholders, including
project team members, to bring the group to consensus on project scope.
- Identify and manage change
- “Does everyone understand and agree?”
Enterprise analysis
- Understanding the “big picture”
- Define business goals the solution must meet
- Integrate requirements into larger business architecture
- Support initiatives and long - term planning
- Strategic planning, business case development, Cost Benefit Analysis, feasibility studies
- “Why are we doing this?”
Requirements analysis
- Focuses on analysing the data
- Defines the methods, tools, techniques to structure raw data collected during elicitation
- Identifies gaps in requirements
- Defines the “solution” capabilities and can serve as the foundation for selecting among solution
alternatives.
- “What must the solution do?”
Solutions assessment & validation
- Focus on ensuring the best approach is chosen, that the solution will meet stakeholder objectives,
that the solution is feasible, and guides solution “verification.”
- “Does the solution do what it is supposed to do?”
5. Stakeholder engagement
Stakeholders
- Definition : People or groups with a relationship to a change or solution
- Relevance : Stakeholders are those who
o Experience a change in value, or
o Can affect value experienced by others
▪ Example: Families of employees relocated to a new office are stakeholders — not
because they move, but because they affect employees’ experience of value
- Role in Business Analysis:
o Part of the system
o Valuable sources of information
Importance of stakeholder engagement
… for a healthy and productive collaboration and ensuring a movement forward in the analysis process
- Efficient communication strategy (rally support rather than fighting resistance)
- Better stakeholder satisfaction (increased participation)
- Limiting s cope creep (increased clarity reduce conflict)
8
, What we want to know
Stakeholder engagement
1.Identify stakeholders
Who are stakeholders?
- Business Analyst – Responsible and accountable for BA activities
- Customers – Use products / services, hold rights and expectations
- Domain SMEs – Provide expertise (managers, process owners , legal , etc.)
- End Users – Directly interact with the solution
- Implementation SMEs – Developers, architects , trainers, change managers
- Project Manager – Delivers solution within scope, budget, schedule
- Testers – Verify solution quality and compliance
- Regulators – Define and enforce standards and legislation
- Sponsor – Initiates effort, authorizes work , controls budget
- Suppliers – Provide products / services to the organization
2.Analyse stakeholders
- Stakeholder matrix
- Onion diagram
o Visualizes stakeholders in concentric
layers around the system
o The closer to the center, the more
direct the involvement
o Helps identify all relevant stakeholders ,
not just end users
o Ensures business analysis considers the
full ecosystem of influence and impact
9
SAMENVATTING - BUSINESS ANALYSE
PROF. DR. JOCHEN DE WEERDT
MERI DELBROEK
,Inhoud
Business analyse.......................................................................................................................................4
BA1. Introduction to business analysis....................................................................................................4
1. What is business analysis? .........................................................................................................4
2. Role of a business analyst ..........................................................................................................5
3. Competencies of a business analysist ........................................................................................ 6
4. BA planning and monitoring ........................................................................................................7
5. Stakeholder engagement............................................................................................................ 8
6. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 11
BA2. Context Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 11
1. Business Strategy..................................................................................................................... 11
2. External Context Analysis ......................................................................................................... 13
3. Internal Context Analysis .......................................................................................................... 14
4. Strategy Execution ................................................................................................................... 15
5. Link to Enterprise Architecture (EA) ........................................................................................... 21
6. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 22
BA3. Requirements Engineering ............................................................................................................ 23
1. Requirements Definition and Types........................................................................................... 24
2. Requirements Elicitation .......................................................................................................... 26
3. Requirements Analysis ............................................................................................................. 27
4. Requirements Validation .......................................................................................................... 30
5. Requirements Documentation.................................................................................................. 31
6. Requirements Modelling .......................................................................................................... 33
7. Requirements Management ..................................................................................................... 38
8. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 39
BA4. Delivery of Solution and Project Management ............................................................................... 40
1. Making the Business Case ........................................................................................................ 40
2. Solution Development Approaches .......................................................................................... 42
3. Testing the Solution .................................................................................................................. 46
4. Delivering the Solution ............................................................................................................. 49
5. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 50
Business process management ............................................................................................................... 51
BPM1. Introduction to BPM................................................................................................................... 51
1. The world of business process management ............................................................................. 51
2. The BPM lifecycle ..................................................................................................................... 54
3. Process discovery: as-is process modelling ............................................................................... 61
BPM2. Essential Process Modelling ...................................................................................................... 66
1
, 1. Process modelling languages ................................................................................................... 66
2. Process modelling with BPMN: control – flow ............................................................................ 72
3. Process modelling with BPMN: subprocesses ........................................................................... 72
4. Process modelling with BPMN: repetition .................................................................................. 76
BPM3. Advanced Process Modelling ..................................................................................................... 78
1. Process modelling with BPMN: events ...................................................................................... 78
2. Process modelling with BPMN: exceptions ................................................................................ 81
3. Resource modelling ................................................................................................................. 84
4. Data modelling ........................................................................................................................ 85
BPM4. Declarative process modelling ................................................................................................... 86
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 86
2. Declarative process modelling .................................................................................................. 88
3. Declare.................................................................................................................................... 89
4. Declare constraints and execution ............................................................................................ 91
5. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 94
BPM5. Process Model Verification, validation and certification .............................................................. 94
1. Process model quality assurance ............................................................................................. 94
2. Syntactic quality – verification .................................................................................................. 95
3. Semantic quality – validation .................................................................................................. 100
4. Pragmatic quality – Certification ............................................................................................. 100
5. Case study: predicting errors in process models ..................................................................... 102
6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 104
BPM6. Decision Modelling with DMN .................................................................................................. 105
1. Process modelling and decisions ............................................................................................ 105
2. Decision Model and Notation (DMN) ....................................................................................... 108
3. Decision requirements modelling ........................................................................................... 110
4. DMN decision logic ................................................................................................................ 113
5. Decision tables ...................................................................................................................... 114
6. Expression language for decision logic (FEEL).......................................................................... 117
7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 118
BPM7. Qualitative Process Analysis .................................................................................................... 119
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 119
2. Value-added analysis & waste analysis ................................................................................... 120
4. Issue documentation ............................................................................................................. 122
5. Root cause analysis ............................................................................................................... 123
6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 125
BPM8. Quantitative process analysis .................................................................................................. 126
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 126
2
, 2. Flow analysis ......................................................................................................................... 127
3. Queuing Analysis ................................................................................................................... 130
4. Simulation ............................................................................................................................. 133
5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 134
BPM9. Process Redesign .................................................................................................................... 135
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 135
2. Business Process Reengineering (BPR) ................................................................................... 136
3. Heuristic process redesign ..................................................................................................... 139
4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 144
BPM10. Process Automation .............................................................................................................. 144
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 144
2. Bridging the gap: A five step approach ..................................................................................... 145
3. Business Process Management Systems (BPMS) ..................................................................... 148
4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 151
BPM11. Process Mining – Process Discovery ....................................................................................... 151
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 151
2. Process discovery .................................................................................................................. 153
3. The Alpha algorithm ............................................................................................................... 155
4. Heuristic process discovery.................................................................................................... 157
5. Other process discovery approaches ...................................................................................... 159
6. Event data ............................................................................................................................. 162
7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 165
BPM12. Process Mining – Conformance Checking ............................................................................... 166
1. Introduction to Conformance Checking .................................................................................. 166
2. Measuring fitness ................................................................................................................... 168
3. Measuring precision ............................................................................................................... 171
4. Measuring generalization and simplicity .................................................................................. 174
5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 175
BPM13. Process Mining – Extension and Tooling .................................................................................. 175
1. Extension Techniques............................................................................................................. 175
2. Predictive Process Mining ....................................................................................................... 180
3. Tool Support .......................................................................................................................... 184
4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 185
3
, There will be a question
about every part on the
Business analyse exam
BA1. Introduction to business analysis
1. What is business analysis?
“Business analysis is the practice of enabling change in an enterprise by defining needs and recommending
solutions that deliver value to stakeholders”
You have to make sure that business analysis is aligned with the strategy, BUT it is mostly on the
organisational level
Proliferation of IT systems (80s)
- Rapid growth of IT systems
- Organizations started digitizing business processes
- Increasing complexity created a need to align IT with business goals
- The Business Analyst field emerged during this period
- Digitalization became a key driver of business analysis practice
This demand for change is increasing these days
Project success
IT alone does not deliver success, true impact requires a
broader view of business change
BACCM
= business analysis core concept model
BA is not a research field BUT a lot of research has an impact, such as change management etc.
4
,BABOK
= business analysis body of knowledge
- Standard reference – Defines concepts, activities, deliverables
- Accepted practices – Captures what professionals use today
- Beyond IT – Broader than just software requirements
- By professionals – Developed and enhanced by practitioners
- Not a methodology – No step - by - step instructions
2. Role of a business analyst
What is a business analyst?
- Liaison among stakeholders
o Elicit, analyse, communicate, and validate requirements
- Business focus
o Ensure solutions meet real business needs
- Scope of solutions
o IT - related, non - IT, or process improvement
- Core responsibility
o Understand actual needs, not just expressed desires
o Align business needs with IT capabilities
Types of business analyst
- Business Analyst (they don’t typically code)
o Focus on business processes & problem - solving
- IT Business Analyst
o Bridge between business & IT, defines “what” the system must do
- Systems Analyst
o Focus on system design & technical aspects, defines “how” it will work
- Business Systems Analyst
o Hybrid of IT BA and Systems Analyst
Roles
5
,3. Competencies of a business analysist
What is a competency?
A competency is the capability to apply or use a set of related knowledge, skills, and abilities required to
successfully perform "critical work functions" or tasks in a defined work setting.
Main areas of competence
1. Business Knowledge
2. Analytical Thinking
3. Organizing and Time Management
4. Communication and Interaction
5. Tools and Techniques
1. Business knowledge
- External Business Knowledge:
o Business Acumen
o Industry Knowledge
o Information Technology
- Internal Business Knowledge:
o Business Model and Strategies
o Organizational Knowledge
2. Analytical thinking
- Discovering
- Synthesizing
- Analysis
- Identifying
- Evaluating
3. Organization and time management
- Organizing…
- Different types of meetings
- Manage complex plans
- Manage frequent changes
4.Communication and interaction
- While being neutral, facilitate …
Agreements, discussions, collaborations, meetings, workshops, eliciting facts, perspectives
5.Tools & techniques
6
,4. BA planning and monitoring
Knowledge areas
BA planning parameters
Further knowledge areas and tasks
Elicitation
- Focus on gathering requirements from various stakeholder groups
- Identify the tasks, knowledge and techniques for capturing requirements
- “ What do the Stakeholders need ? ”
- Example elicitation techniques:
o Brainstorming o Requirements Workshop
o Focus Groups o Survey/ Questionnaire
o Interviewing o Document Analysis
o Observation o Interface Analysis
7
o Prototyping
,Requirements management and communications
- Focus on presenting and communicating documented requirements to all stakeholders, including
project team members, to bring the group to consensus on project scope.
- Identify and manage change
- “Does everyone understand and agree?”
Enterprise analysis
- Understanding the “big picture”
- Define business goals the solution must meet
- Integrate requirements into larger business architecture
- Support initiatives and long - term planning
- Strategic planning, business case development, Cost Benefit Analysis, feasibility studies
- “Why are we doing this?”
Requirements analysis
- Focuses on analysing the data
- Defines the methods, tools, techniques to structure raw data collected during elicitation
- Identifies gaps in requirements
- Defines the “solution” capabilities and can serve as the foundation for selecting among solution
alternatives.
- “What must the solution do?”
Solutions assessment & validation
- Focus on ensuring the best approach is chosen, that the solution will meet stakeholder objectives,
that the solution is feasible, and guides solution “verification.”
- “Does the solution do what it is supposed to do?”
5. Stakeholder engagement
Stakeholders
- Definition : People or groups with a relationship to a change or solution
- Relevance : Stakeholders are those who
o Experience a change in value, or
o Can affect value experienced by others
▪ Example: Families of employees relocated to a new office are stakeholders — not
because they move, but because they affect employees’ experience of value
- Role in Business Analysis:
o Part of the system
o Valuable sources of information
Importance of stakeholder engagement
… for a healthy and productive collaboration and ensuring a movement forward in the analysis process
- Efficient communication strategy (rally support rather than fighting resistance)
- Better stakeholder satisfaction (increased participation)
- Limiting s cope creep (increased clarity reduce conflict)
8
, What we want to know
Stakeholder engagement
1.Identify stakeholders
Who are stakeholders?
- Business Analyst – Responsible and accountable for BA activities
- Customers – Use products / services, hold rights and expectations
- Domain SMEs – Provide expertise (managers, process owners , legal , etc.)
- End Users – Directly interact with the solution
- Implementation SMEs – Developers, architects , trainers, change managers
- Project Manager – Delivers solution within scope, budget, schedule
- Testers – Verify solution quality and compliance
- Regulators – Define and enforce standards and legislation
- Sponsor – Initiates effort, authorizes work , controls budget
- Suppliers – Provide products / services to the organization
2.Analyse stakeholders
- Stakeholder matrix
- Onion diagram
o Visualizes stakeholders in concentric
layers around the system
o The closer to the center, the more
direct the involvement
o Helps identify all relevant stakeholders ,
not just end users
o Ensures business analysis considers the
full ecosystem of influence and impact
9
