Supply Chain Management
1. Introductie...........................................................................................................................8
A Supply Chain is …?.................................................................................................. 8
Platform........................................................................................................................ 8
Global Value Chain.......................................................................................................8
Global Supply Chain.....................................................................................................8
A Supply Chain is …? Integratiemodel........................................................................9
Definitie & Actoren........................................................................................................9
Material & Information Flow Management..................................................................10
Supply Chain Length.................................................................................................. 10
Voorbeelden van Supply Chains................................................................................ 10
Value Chain ≠ Supply Chain....................................................................................... 11
Supply Chain ≠ Logistics............................................................................................ 12
What is Strategy?....................................................................................................... 12
What is Success?....................................................................................................... 12
What is Supply Chain Strategy?.................................................................................12
What is Success …in supply chain?.......................................................................... 13
Alignment with Competitive Strategy : How to Play................................................... 13
Case: Boeing Dreamliner................................................................................................. 14
Strategische context................................................................................................... 14
Strategische keuzes: van 767 naar 787..................................................................... 14
Verwachte voordelen van de 787............................................................................... 15
Wat misliep in de praktijk............................................................................................15
Oorzaken van het falen.............................................................................................. 15
Remediëring: Regain Control..................................................................................... 16
Conclusie van de case............................................................................................... 16
What is (Business) Risk?................................................................................................. 16
Business Risk Matrix.................................................................................................. 17
Shifts vs. Shocks........................................................................................................ 17
Supply Chain Shocks................................................................................................. 18
Case: Chocoladefabrikant.......................................................................................... 18
Examenvraag (voorbeeld).......................................................................................... 19
2. Forecasting & Sourcing...................................................................................................20
Principles of Forecasting............................................................................................ 20
Steps in the Forecasting Process...............................................................................20
Types of Models......................................................................................................... 20
Kwalitatieve Modellen.................................................................................................20
Kwantitatieve Modellen.............................................................................................. 21
Time Series Models : Basispatronen..........................................................................21
Level Pattern : Forecastmethoden............................................................................. 22
Trend Pattern..............................................................................................................24
Seasonality Pattern.................................................................................................... 24
Causal Models : Lineaire Regressie...........................................................................25
, Measuring Forecast Accuracy.................................................................................... 26
Selecting the Right Model.......................................................................................... 27
Importance of Forecasting..........................................................................................28
Sourcing........................................................................................................................... 28
Sourcing Issues.......................................................................................................... 28
Verticale Integratie......................................................................................................28
Make-or-Buy Decision................................................................................................ 29
Kraljic Matrix............................................................................................................... 29
Single vs. Multiple Sourcing....................................................................................... 30
Partnering & Early Supplier Involvement....................................................................31
Conclusie....................................................................................................................32
3. Inventory management & capacity planning.................................................................32
Product Design Processes & Voorraadstrategie........................................................ 32
Types of Inventory...................................................................................................... 33
Inventory Purposes.................................................................................................... 33
Inventory Management Objectives.............................................................................33
Inventory-Related Costs............................................................................................. 34
ABC Classification...................................................................................................... 34
Inventory Record Accuracy........................................................................................ 35
Determining Order Quantities.....................................................................................36
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)................................................................................36
Economic Production Quantity (EPQ)........................................................................ 37
Quantity Discount Model............................................................................................ 38
Demand Uncertainty & Safety Stock.......................................................................... 39
Target Inventory Model (TI)........................................................................................ 40
Single-Period Inventory Model................................................................................... 41
Green Inventory Management....................................................................................41
Capacity Planning............................................................................................................ 42
Capacity Planning...................................................................................................... 42
Capacity Measures.....................................................................................................43
Capacity Considerations............................................................................................ 44
Capacity Planning Decisions ; Driestappe Procedure................................................44
Evaluating Capacity Alternatives ; Decision Trees..................................................... 45
Conclusie....................................................................................................................45
4. Locations decisions & global production network....................................................... 46
Where to Locate?....................................................................................................... 46
Corporate Location Models........................................................................................ 46
Where to "Make"?.......................................................................................................47
Case: Ineos Cracker ; Antwerpen vs. Rotterdam vs. USA......................................... 48
Geographic "Mobility"................................................................................................. 49
Think Projects, Not Sectors........................................................................................ 49
Challenges in Decision Making.................................................................................. 50
Methodology: Location Decision Process.................................................................. 50
Stap 1: Project Definition............................................................................................ 51
2
, Financial Assumptions............................................................................................... 52
Critical Location Factors............................................................................................. 52
Stap 2: Search Area................................................................................................... 52
Stap 3: Cost Economics, ROI Analysis...................................................................... 53
Stap 4: Location Quality (Intangibles)........................................................................ 53
Stap 5: Evaluate Options ; Cost/Quality Map............................................................. 54
Stap 6: Implementation.............................................................................................. 56
Balancing Assessment Efforts....................................................................................56
Examenvraag (voorbeeld).......................................................................................... 56
5. Maritime transport & hinterland......................................................................................56
Global Freight Shipping..............................................................................................56
Intermodal Container Logistics...................................................................................57
The Shipper Problem................................................................................................. 58
Incoterms....................................................................................................................58
Chain Director............................................................................................................ 59
Performance Criteria.................................................................................................. 60
Cost = ?...................................................................................................................... 60
Decision Tensions...................................................................................................... 61
Buyer Groups............................................................................................................. 61
Combined Shipping Decision..................................................................................... 62
Logistic Operators...................................................................................................... 63
Physical Logistic Chain Operators............................................................................. 63
Weakest Link.............................................................................................................. 63
Maritime Cargo Types................................................................................................ 64
Box Shipping.............................................................................................................. 65
Shipping Costs........................................................................................................... 65
Demand for Container Transport................................................................................65
Regular Liner Services............................................................................................... 66
Largest Container Ships.............................................................................................66
Alliances..................................................................................................................... 67
Top 20 Ocean Carriers............................................................................................... 67
Partners or Competitors? / Alliances.......................................................................... 68
Big Ships at Benefit of Shippers?...............................................................................69
Ocean Freight Rates.................................................................................................. 69
+ Surcharges.............................................................................................................. 69
Antwerp ≅ Rotterdam..................................................................................................70
Ports & Container Terminals.......................................................................................70
Container Port Throughput Skyline of Europe............................................................71
Port Attractiveness..................................................................................................... 71
Ship Idle Time = Money!.............................................................................................71
Port Types.................................................................................................................. 72
Deep Sea Container Terminals.................................................................................. 72
Inland Transportation Modes......................................................................................72
Cost: Truck vs Intermodal...........................................................................................73
3
, Short Distance (300 km).............................................................................................74
Medium Distance (600 km)........................................................................................ 74
Long Distance (1000 km)........................................................................................... 75
Mode Characteristics..................................................................................................76
Inland Waterways & Barge Sizes............................................................................... 76
Inland Terminals......................................................................................................... 77
Conclusie: Transportsystemen................................................................................... 77
6. Sustainable Transportation............................................................................................. 77
Transportation............................................................................................................ 77
Modi van transport......................................................................................................78
Spoorvervoer........................................................................................................ 78
Luchttransport.......................................................................................................78
Waterwegen..........................................................................................................78
Pijpleidingen......................................................................................................... 78
Wegtransport........................................................................................................ 79
Moduskeuze............................................................................................................... 79
Modale verdeling........................................................................................................ 79
Transportkosten..........................................................................................................80
Externe kosten........................................................................................................... 81
Intermodaal transport................................................................................................. 81
THE LAST MILE...............................................................................................................82
The last mile............................................................................................................... 82
Last mile challenges................................................................................................... 82
Last mile costs............................................................................................................83
Impact van urbanisatie............................................................................................... 84
Impact van fragmentatie............................................................................................. 85
E-commerce deliveries............................................................................................... 86
SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION............................................................................... 86
Mobiliteit van de toekomst.......................................................................................... 86
7. GL: Danone (Forecasting - Sourcing)............................................................................ 87
Danone als bedrijf...................................................................................................... 87
Forecasting.................................................................................................................87
Forecasting: Crystal Ball of Pure Math?............................................................... 87
Forecast Process: deel van de S&OP-cyclus.......................................................87
Forecasting: Defining the Relevant Dataset......................................................... 88
Forecasting: Demand Modelling...........................................................................89
Forecasting Process: Data Overload....................................................................89
Forecast Modelling: In Search of Relevant Drivers of Demand............................90
Machine Learning: Regression & Correlation Analysis........................................ 90
Machine Learning: Data Feeds............................................................................ 91
Forecasting: What Does 'Good' Look Like?......................................................... 92
Sourcing..................................................................................................................... 92
Sourcing: E2E Supply Planning............................................................................92
Finished Product Sourcing: Decision Matrix.........................................................92
4
, RM&P Sourcing: Ukraine and Energy Crisis........................................................ 93
Raw Material Sourcing: Turning Risk into an Opportunity.................................... 94
Danone Impact Journey: Net-Zero by 2050......................................................... 94
8. GL: Colruyt....................................................................................................................... 95
Colruyt Group: Overzicht............................................................................................ 95
1. Capacity Management................................................................................................. 95
Wat is Capacity Management?...................................................................................95
Types capaciteit..........................................................................................................95
Plannen LT (strategisch).............................................................................................96
Plannen MLT (tactisch)...............................................................................................96
Plannen KT (operationeel)......................................................................................... 96
Effectieve capaciteit....................................................................................................96
Capaciteit verschuiven en uitvlakken......................................................................... 97
Voorspellen en opvolgen van opslagcapaciteit.......................................................... 97
Operationeel bijsturen................................................................................................ 97
Capacity management als strategisch wapen............................................................98
2. Service, Cash, Cost & Inventory KPI's......................................................................... 98
De duivelsdriehoek van voorraadbeheer....................................................................98
Praktijkcasus: Frisko Karamello................................................................................. 98
KPI's binnen service, cash en cost.............................................................................99
Beschikbaarheid (OSA).............................................................................................. 99
Voorraadwaarde......................................................................................................... 99
Afval........................................................................................................................... 99
Financiële link: ROCE................................................................................................ 99
3. ABC & D: Productranking...........................................................................................100
Waarom een ABCD-ranking?................................................................................... 100
Hoe wordt de ranking bepaald?............................................................................... 100
Rankingresultaat in de praktijk................................................................................. 101
Toepassingen van de ABCD-ranking....................................................................... 101
Kan een C- of D-artikel strategisch belangrijk zijn?..................................................102
4. Alternatief Voorraadmodel: VRI (Vendor Replenishment Inventory).......................... 102
Klassiek bestellen vs. VRI........................................................................................ 102
Voordelen van VRI voor de leverancier....................................................................102
Conclusies testcase Pepsico....................................................................................103
9. GL: IBM (Location, footprint trends & strategies in global disruption).................... 103
IBM-PLI: Profiel.............................................................................................................. 103
Global FDI Trends & Manufacturing Footprints.............................................................. 103
FDI daalt wereldwijd................................................................................................. 103
Europa verliest marktaandeel...................................................................................104
Europa concurreert voor hoogwaardige investeringen.............................................104
De VS is niet langer de nr. 1 bestemming................................................................ 104
De VS blijft de belangrijkste oorsprong van FDI.......................................................105
Primaire sectoren en functies................................................................................... 105
Herconfiguatie van de globale productiefootprint..................................................... 105
5
, Locatiekeuze verschilt sterk per industrie................................................................ 106
Hoe helpt IBM-PLI bedrijven de beste locatie te vinden?...............................................107
Stappenplan naar de beste oplossing...................................................................... 107
Casus: Staaldraadfabrikant...................................................................................... 107
Stap 1: Operationele vereisten.................................................................................107
Stap 1: Geografische scope en landenselectie........................................................ 108
Stap 1: Beoordelingscriteria..................................................................................... 108
Stap 2: High-level locatiedoorlichting....................................................................... 108
Stap 2: Resultaat van de high-level doorlichting...................................................... 108
Stap 3: Deep dive.....................................................................................................109
Hoe navigeren door de Winds of Change?.................................................................... 109
Verstoringsgolven die de globale productie beïnvloeden......................................... 109
Impact van beleid op de concurrentiepositie van locaties........................................ 110
Impact op locatievereisten en kostenberekening......................................................110
Geen one-size-fits-all strategie................................................................................. 110
Kwalitatieve beoordelingsfactoren evolueren mee................................................... 110
NIMBYisme als praktische uitdaging.........................................................................111
10. GL: Port Congestion.................................................................................................... 111
1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 111
MTBS: Missie en Diensten........................................................................................111
Focus van de Gastlezing.......................................................................................... 111
2. Port Congestion..........................................................................................................112
Classificatiematrix: locatie en oorzaak......................................................................112
Maritieme knelpunten en globale spillover................................................................112
Tijdlijn van externe schokken (2020-2026)............................................................... 113
Concrete voorbeelden per congestietype................................................................. 113
Casus: Gambia en BOT-constructies....................................................................... 114
Casus: Nigeria's wegcongestie.................................................................................114
Overzicht oplossingen per congestiecategorie......................................................... 115
3. Value Engineering...................................................................................................... 116
Definitie en cyclus.....................................................................................................116
Businesscase opbouw: cashflow-mapping............................................................... 116
Casus: Port of Al Khaburah, Oman.......................................................................... 116
Tijdswaarde van geld en WACC............................................................................... 117
Value Engineering maatregel 1: fasering..................................................................117
Value Engineering maatregel 2: cash flow heralloctie via PPP................................ 118
4. Conclusie....................................................................................................................118
11. GL: Zoutman................................................................................................................. 118
01 Introductie Zoutman...................................................................................................118
Zout als product........................................................................................................ 118
02 Logistieke trends....................................................................................................... 119
Stijgende kosten....................................................................................................... 119
Stijgend aantal overnames en faillissementen......................................................... 119
24h leveringen voor distributietransporten................................................................119
6
, Trend van slotbookingen.......................................................................................... 120
Lege kilometers beperken........................................................................................ 120
03 Duurzaamheid........................................................................................................... 120
Zeezout als duurzame keuze................................................................................... 120
Duurzaamheidsstrategie Zoutman........................................................................... 120
CO₂-reductietraject................................................................................................... 120
Initiatieven................................................................................................................ 121
Modal shift................................................................................................................ 121
Enkele sleutelbegrippen........................................................................................... 121
Spoorvervoer............................................................................................................ 122
Behaalde savings (2025)..........................................................................................123
04 Key takeaways.......................................................................................................... 123
Wood Supply Game............................................................................................................. 124
Oorzaken.................................................................................................................. 124
Gevolgen.................................................................................................................. 124
Tegenmaatregel........................................................................................................125
7
, 1. Introductie
A Supply Chain is …?
Platform
Een platform brengt meerdere partijen samen op één gedeelde infrastructuur en faciliteert
uitwisseling van goederen, diensten of informatie tussen hen. Het platform zelf produceert
niet, maar creëert de omgeving waarin transacties plaatsvinden.
Global Network
Een global network is een brede, mondiale verzameling van onderling verbonden
organisaties en knooppunten. Het beschrijft de structuur van relaties zonder noodzakelijk
een richting of hiërarchie op te leggen.
Global Value Chain
Een global value chain volgt de Porter-logica: een keten van activiteiten (van grondstoffen
tot eindklant) waarbij elke schakel waarde toevoegt. De nadruk ligt op de primaire en
ondersteunende activiteiten binnen een of meerdere firma's, gericht op waardecreatie voor
de eindklant.
Global Supply Chain
Een global supply chain focust specifiek op de aanvoer van producten of diensten naar de
klant. De oriëntatie is operationeel: stromen van materialen en informatie beheren over
meerdere schakels heen. De samenwerking is gericht op:
● Co-specialisatie en schaalvoordelen
● Gedeelde reputatie, gezamenlijke strategie en langetermijnverbintenissen
8
, A Supply Chain is …? Integratiemodel
Een supply chain is in essentie een integratievraagstuk over vier gelijktijdige stromen:
● Materiaalstroom → van leverancier naar klant
● Informatiestroom ↔ bidirectioneel
● Materiaalretourstroom ← van klant terug
● Geldstroom ← van klant naar leverancier
Deze stromen lopen over drie functionele zones: Sourcing (grondstoffen), Productie (WIP),
en Distributie (eindproducten), met voorraadbeheer (stored + transported) en planning als
overkoepelende functies.
Het uitgebreide model voegt daar aan toe:
● Inbound supply (upstream) en Outbound demand (downstream)
● End-to-End planning (E2E) als integrerend planningsniveau over de volledige keten
Definitie & Actoren
Supply chain = een reeks of netwerk van activiteiten (of processen) van meerdere actoren,
vereist om goederen of diensten naar de klant te brengen of te bewegen.
9
1. Introductie...........................................................................................................................8
A Supply Chain is …?.................................................................................................. 8
Platform........................................................................................................................ 8
Global Value Chain.......................................................................................................8
Global Supply Chain.....................................................................................................8
A Supply Chain is …? Integratiemodel........................................................................9
Definitie & Actoren........................................................................................................9
Material & Information Flow Management..................................................................10
Supply Chain Length.................................................................................................. 10
Voorbeelden van Supply Chains................................................................................ 10
Value Chain ≠ Supply Chain....................................................................................... 11
Supply Chain ≠ Logistics............................................................................................ 12
What is Strategy?....................................................................................................... 12
What is Success?....................................................................................................... 12
What is Supply Chain Strategy?.................................................................................12
What is Success …in supply chain?.......................................................................... 13
Alignment with Competitive Strategy : How to Play................................................... 13
Case: Boeing Dreamliner................................................................................................. 14
Strategische context................................................................................................... 14
Strategische keuzes: van 767 naar 787..................................................................... 14
Verwachte voordelen van de 787............................................................................... 15
Wat misliep in de praktijk............................................................................................15
Oorzaken van het falen.............................................................................................. 15
Remediëring: Regain Control..................................................................................... 16
Conclusie van de case............................................................................................... 16
What is (Business) Risk?................................................................................................. 16
Business Risk Matrix.................................................................................................. 17
Shifts vs. Shocks........................................................................................................ 17
Supply Chain Shocks................................................................................................. 18
Case: Chocoladefabrikant.......................................................................................... 18
Examenvraag (voorbeeld).......................................................................................... 19
2. Forecasting & Sourcing...................................................................................................20
Principles of Forecasting............................................................................................ 20
Steps in the Forecasting Process...............................................................................20
Types of Models......................................................................................................... 20
Kwalitatieve Modellen.................................................................................................20
Kwantitatieve Modellen.............................................................................................. 21
Time Series Models : Basispatronen..........................................................................21
Level Pattern : Forecastmethoden............................................................................. 22
Trend Pattern..............................................................................................................24
Seasonality Pattern.................................................................................................... 24
Causal Models : Lineaire Regressie...........................................................................25
, Measuring Forecast Accuracy.................................................................................... 26
Selecting the Right Model.......................................................................................... 27
Importance of Forecasting..........................................................................................28
Sourcing........................................................................................................................... 28
Sourcing Issues.......................................................................................................... 28
Verticale Integratie......................................................................................................28
Make-or-Buy Decision................................................................................................ 29
Kraljic Matrix............................................................................................................... 29
Single vs. Multiple Sourcing....................................................................................... 30
Partnering & Early Supplier Involvement....................................................................31
Conclusie....................................................................................................................32
3. Inventory management & capacity planning.................................................................32
Product Design Processes & Voorraadstrategie........................................................ 32
Types of Inventory...................................................................................................... 33
Inventory Purposes.................................................................................................... 33
Inventory Management Objectives.............................................................................33
Inventory-Related Costs............................................................................................. 34
ABC Classification...................................................................................................... 34
Inventory Record Accuracy........................................................................................ 35
Determining Order Quantities.....................................................................................36
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)................................................................................36
Economic Production Quantity (EPQ)........................................................................ 37
Quantity Discount Model............................................................................................ 38
Demand Uncertainty & Safety Stock.......................................................................... 39
Target Inventory Model (TI)........................................................................................ 40
Single-Period Inventory Model................................................................................... 41
Green Inventory Management....................................................................................41
Capacity Planning............................................................................................................ 42
Capacity Planning...................................................................................................... 42
Capacity Measures.....................................................................................................43
Capacity Considerations............................................................................................ 44
Capacity Planning Decisions ; Driestappe Procedure................................................44
Evaluating Capacity Alternatives ; Decision Trees..................................................... 45
Conclusie....................................................................................................................45
4. Locations decisions & global production network....................................................... 46
Where to Locate?....................................................................................................... 46
Corporate Location Models........................................................................................ 46
Where to "Make"?.......................................................................................................47
Case: Ineos Cracker ; Antwerpen vs. Rotterdam vs. USA......................................... 48
Geographic "Mobility"................................................................................................. 49
Think Projects, Not Sectors........................................................................................ 49
Challenges in Decision Making.................................................................................. 50
Methodology: Location Decision Process.................................................................. 50
Stap 1: Project Definition............................................................................................ 51
2
, Financial Assumptions............................................................................................... 52
Critical Location Factors............................................................................................. 52
Stap 2: Search Area................................................................................................... 52
Stap 3: Cost Economics, ROI Analysis...................................................................... 53
Stap 4: Location Quality (Intangibles)........................................................................ 53
Stap 5: Evaluate Options ; Cost/Quality Map............................................................. 54
Stap 6: Implementation.............................................................................................. 56
Balancing Assessment Efforts....................................................................................56
Examenvraag (voorbeeld).......................................................................................... 56
5. Maritime transport & hinterland......................................................................................56
Global Freight Shipping..............................................................................................56
Intermodal Container Logistics...................................................................................57
The Shipper Problem................................................................................................. 58
Incoterms....................................................................................................................58
Chain Director............................................................................................................ 59
Performance Criteria.................................................................................................. 60
Cost = ?...................................................................................................................... 60
Decision Tensions...................................................................................................... 61
Buyer Groups............................................................................................................. 61
Combined Shipping Decision..................................................................................... 62
Logistic Operators...................................................................................................... 63
Physical Logistic Chain Operators............................................................................. 63
Weakest Link.............................................................................................................. 63
Maritime Cargo Types................................................................................................ 64
Box Shipping.............................................................................................................. 65
Shipping Costs........................................................................................................... 65
Demand for Container Transport................................................................................65
Regular Liner Services............................................................................................... 66
Largest Container Ships.............................................................................................66
Alliances..................................................................................................................... 67
Top 20 Ocean Carriers............................................................................................... 67
Partners or Competitors? / Alliances.......................................................................... 68
Big Ships at Benefit of Shippers?...............................................................................69
Ocean Freight Rates.................................................................................................. 69
+ Surcharges.............................................................................................................. 69
Antwerp ≅ Rotterdam..................................................................................................70
Ports & Container Terminals.......................................................................................70
Container Port Throughput Skyline of Europe............................................................71
Port Attractiveness..................................................................................................... 71
Ship Idle Time = Money!.............................................................................................71
Port Types.................................................................................................................. 72
Deep Sea Container Terminals.................................................................................. 72
Inland Transportation Modes......................................................................................72
Cost: Truck vs Intermodal...........................................................................................73
3
, Short Distance (300 km).............................................................................................74
Medium Distance (600 km)........................................................................................ 74
Long Distance (1000 km)........................................................................................... 75
Mode Characteristics..................................................................................................76
Inland Waterways & Barge Sizes............................................................................... 76
Inland Terminals......................................................................................................... 77
Conclusie: Transportsystemen................................................................................... 77
6. Sustainable Transportation............................................................................................. 77
Transportation............................................................................................................ 77
Modi van transport......................................................................................................78
Spoorvervoer........................................................................................................ 78
Luchttransport.......................................................................................................78
Waterwegen..........................................................................................................78
Pijpleidingen......................................................................................................... 78
Wegtransport........................................................................................................ 79
Moduskeuze............................................................................................................... 79
Modale verdeling........................................................................................................ 79
Transportkosten..........................................................................................................80
Externe kosten........................................................................................................... 81
Intermodaal transport................................................................................................. 81
THE LAST MILE...............................................................................................................82
The last mile............................................................................................................... 82
Last mile challenges................................................................................................... 82
Last mile costs............................................................................................................83
Impact van urbanisatie............................................................................................... 84
Impact van fragmentatie............................................................................................. 85
E-commerce deliveries............................................................................................... 86
SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION............................................................................... 86
Mobiliteit van de toekomst.......................................................................................... 86
7. GL: Danone (Forecasting - Sourcing)............................................................................ 87
Danone als bedrijf...................................................................................................... 87
Forecasting.................................................................................................................87
Forecasting: Crystal Ball of Pure Math?............................................................... 87
Forecast Process: deel van de S&OP-cyclus.......................................................87
Forecasting: Defining the Relevant Dataset......................................................... 88
Forecasting: Demand Modelling...........................................................................89
Forecasting Process: Data Overload....................................................................89
Forecast Modelling: In Search of Relevant Drivers of Demand............................90
Machine Learning: Regression & Correlation Analysis........................................ 90
Machine Learning: Data Feeds............................................................................ 91
Forecasting: What Does 'Good' Look Like?......................................................... 92
Sourcing..................................................................................................................... 92
Sourcing: E2E Supply Planning............................................................................92
Finished Product Sourcing: Decision Matrix.........................................................92
4
, RM&P Sourcing: Ukraine and Energy Crisis........................................................ 93
Raw Material Sourcing: Turning Risk into an Opportunity.................................... 94
Danone Impact Journey: Net-Zero by 2050......................................................... 94
8. GL: Colruyt....................................................................................................................... 95
Colruyt Group: Overzicht............................................................................................ 95
1. Capacity Management................................................................................................. 95
Wat is Capacity Management?...................................................................................95
Types capaciteit..........................................................................................................95
Plannen LT (strategisch).............................................................................................96
Plannen MLT (tactisch)...............................................................................................96
Plannen KT (operationeel)......................................................................................... 96
Effectieve capaciteit....................................................................................................96
Capaciteit verschuiven en uitvlakken......................................................................... 97
Voorspellen en opvolgen van opslagcapaciteit.......................................................... 97
Operationeel bijsturen................................................................................................ 97
Capacity management als strategisch wapen............................................................98
2. Service, Cash, Cost & Inventory KPI's......................................................................... 98
De duivelsdriehoek van voorraadbeheer....................................................................98
Praktijkcasus: Frisko Karamello................................................................................. 98
KPI's binnen service, cash en cost.............................................................................99
Beschikbaarheid (OSA).............................................................................................. 99
Voorraadwaarde......................................................................................................... 99
Afval........................................................................................................................... 99
Financiële link: ROCE................................................................................................ 99
3. ABC & D: Productranking...........................................................................................100
Waarom een ABCD-ranking?................................................................................... 100
Hoe wordt de ranking bepaald?............................................................................... 100
Rankingresultaat in de praktijk................................................................................. 101
Toepassingen van de ABCD-ranking....................................................................... 101
Kan een C- of D-artikel strategisch belangrijk zijn?..................................................102
4. Alternatief Voorraadmodel: VRI (Vendor Replenishment Inventory).......................... 102
Klassiek bestellen vs. VRI........................................................................................ 102
Voordelen van VRI voor de leverancier....................................................................102
Conclusies testcase Pepsico....................................................................................103
9. GL: IBM (Location, footprint trends & strategies in global disruption).................... 103
IBM-PLI: Profiel.............................................................................................................. 103
Global FDI Trends & Manufacturing Footprints.............................................................. 103
FDI daalt wereldwijd................................................................................................. 103
Europa verliest marktaandeel...................................................................................104
Europa concurreert voor hoogwaardige investeringen.............................................104
De VS is niet langer de nr. 1 bestemming................................................................ 104
De VS blijft de belangrijkste oorsprong van FDI.......................................................105
Primaire sectoren en functies................................................................................... 105
Herconfiguatie van de globale productiefootprint..................................................... 105
5
, Locatiekeuze verschilt sterk per industrie................................................................ 106
Hoe helpt IBM-PLI bedrijven de beste locatie te vinden?...............................................107
Stappenplan naar de beste oplossing...................................................................... 107
Casus: Staaldraadfabrikant...................................................................................... 107
Stap 1: Operationele vereisten.................................................................................107
Stap 1: Geografische scope en landenselectie........................................................ 108
Stap 1: Beoordelingscriteria..................................................................................... 108
Stap 2: High-level locatiedoorlichting....................................................................... 108
Stap 2: Resultaat van de high-level doorlichting...................................................... 108
Stap 3: Deep dive.....................................................................................................109
Hoe navigeren door de Winds of Change?.................................................................... 109
Verstoringsgolven die de globale productie beïnvloeden......................................... 109
Impact van beleid op de concurrentiepositie van locaties........................................ 110
Impact op locatievereisten en kostenberekening......................................................110
Geen one-size-fits-all strategie................................................................................. 110
Kwalitatieve beoordelingsfactoren evolueren mee................................................... 110
NIMBYisme als praktische uitdaging.........................................................................111
10. GL: Port Congestion.................................................................................................... 111
1. Introduction................................................................................................................. 111
MTBS: Missie en Diensten........................................................................................111
Focus van de Gastlezing.......................................................................................... 111
2. Port Congestion..........................................................................................................112
Classificatiematrix: locatie en oorzaak......................................................................112
Maritieme knelpunten en globale spillover................................................................112
Tijdlijn van externe schokken (2020-2026)............................................................... 113
Concrete voorbeelden per congestietype................................................................. 113
Casus: Gambia en BOT-constructies....................................................................... 114
Casus: Nigeria's wegcongestie.................................................................................114
Overzicht oplossingen per congestiecategorie......................................................... 115
3. Value Engineering...................................................................................................... 116
Definitie en cyclus.....................................................................................................116
Businesscase opbouw: cashflow-mapping............................................................... 116
Casus: Port of Al Khaburah, Oman.......................................................................... 116
Tijdswaarde van geld en WACC............................................................................... 117
Value Engineering maatregel 1: fasering..................................................................117
Value Engineering maatregel 2: cash flow heralloctie via PPP................................ 118
4. Conclusie....................................................................................................................118
11. GL: Zoutman................................................................................................................. 118
01 Introductie Zoutman...................................................................................................118
Zout als product........................................................................................................ 118
02 Logistieke trends....................................................................................................... 119
Stijgende kosten....................................................................................................... 119
Stijgend aantal overnames en faillissementen......................................................... 119
24h leveringen voor distributietransporten................................................................119
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, Trend van slotbookingen.......................................................................................... 120
Lege kilometers beperken........................................................................................ 120
03 Duurzaamheid........................................................................................................... 120
Zeezout als duurzame keuze................................................................................... 120
Duurzaamheidsstrategie Zoutman........................................................................... 120
CO₂-reductietraject................................................................................................... 120
Initiatieven................................................................................................................ 121
Modal shift................................................................................................................ 121
Enkele sleutelbegrippen........................................................................................... 121
Spoorvervoer............................................................................................................ 122
Behaalde savings (2025)..........................................................................................123
04 Key takeaways.......................................................................................................... 123
Wood Supply Game............................................................................................................. 124
Oorzaken.................................................................................................................. 124
Gevolgen.................................................................................................................. 124
Tegenmaatregel........................................................................................................125
7
, 1. Introductie
A Supply Chain is …?
Platform
Een platform brengt meerdere partijen samen op één gedeelde infrastructuur en faciliteert
uitwisseling van goederen, diensten of informatie tussen hen. Het platform zelf produceert
niet, maar creëert de omgeving waarin transacties plaatsvinden.
Global Network
Een global network is een brede, mondiale verzameling van onderling verbonden
organisaties en knooppunten. Het beschrijft de structuur van relaties zonder noodzakelijk
een richting of hiërarchie op te leggen.
Global Value Chain
Een global value chain volgt de Porter-logica: een keten van activiteiten (van grondstoffen
tot eindklant) waarbij elke schakel waarde toevoegt. De nadruk ligt op de primaire en
ondersteunende activiteiten binnen een of meerdere firma's, gericht op waardecreatie voor
de eindklant.
Global Supply Chain
Een global supply chain focust specifiek op de aanvoer van producten of diensten naar de
klant. De oriëntatie is operationeel: stromen van materialen en informatie beheren over
meerdere schakels heen. De samenwerking is gericht op:
● Co-specialisatie en schaalvoordelen
● Gedeelde reputatie, gezamenlijke strategie en langetermijnverbintenissen
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, A Supply Chain is …? Integratiemodel
Een supply chain is in essentie een integratievraagstuk over vier gelijktijdige stromen:
● Materiaalstroom → van leverancier naar klant
● Informatiestroom ↔ bidirectioneel
● Materiaalretourstroom ← van klant terug
● Geldstroom ← van klant naar leverancier
Deze stromen lopen over drie functionele zones: Sourcing (grondstoffen), Productie (WIP),
en Distributie (eindproducten), met voorraadbeheer (stored + transported) en planning als
overkoepelende functies.
Het uitgebreide model voegt daar aan toe:
● Inbound supply (upstream) en Outbound demand (downstream)
● End-to-End planning (E2E) als integrerend planningsniveau over de volledige keten
Definitie & Actoren
Supply chain = een reeks of netwerk van activiteiten (of processen) van meerdere actoren,
vereist om goederen of diensten naar de klant te brengen of te bewegen.
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