Samenvatting internationaal management
Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1: Globalisering en regionalisering .............................................................................................. 4
Drijfveren van internationalisering ...................................................................................................................... 4
Belang van Outsourcing & Offshoring ................................................................................................................. 4
Artikel Rosa et al. (2020) ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Conclusies........................................................................................................................................................ 5
Begrippen ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
Hoofdstuk 2: Internationale omgeving ......................................................................................................... 7
PESTEL omgeving ................................................................................................................................................. 7
Politieke omgeving .......................................................................................................................................... 7
Economische omgeving................................................................................................................................... 7
Sociale omgeving............................................................................................................................................. 8
Technologische omgeving ............................................................................................................................... 8
Ecologische omgeving ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Legal / Wettelijke omgeving ............................................................................................................................ 8
Andere omgevingsbenaderingen ......................................................................................................................... 9
CAGE verschillen.............................................................................................................................................. 9
VUCA wereld ................................................................................................................................................... 9
Artikel Ghemawat .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 10
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 10
Begrippen ...................................................................................................................................................... 11
Hoofdstuk 3: Internationale strategie en structuur ..................................................................................... 12
Internationaliseringstechnieken......................................................................................................................... 12
Eclectische internationaleringstheorie ............................................................................................................... 13
OLI paradigma ................................................................................................................................................... 13
Toetredingsstrategieën ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Concurrentiestrategieën .................................................................................................................................... 14
Internationale concurrentiestrategieën ............................................................................................................. 14
= Moet gelijk lopen met de gekozen strategie .............................................................................................. 14
Internationale structuren ................................................................................................................................... 15
Artikel Harzing (2000) ........................................................................................................................................ 17
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 17
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 17
Begrippen uitgelegd ...................................................................................................................................... 18
Artikel Rugman en Verbeke (2001) .................................................................................................................... 18
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 18
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 19
Begrippen uitgelegd ...................................................................................................................................... 19
Hoofdstuk 4: Culturele diversiteit .............................................................................................................. 20
Nationale culturele diversiteit ............................................................................................................................ 20
, Cultureledimensie ......................................................................................................................................... 20
Dimensie van nationale culturen (GLOBE) .................................................................................................... 20
Managen van culturele diversiteit ..................................................................................................................... 22
Houdingen t.a.v. culturele diversiteit (4) ....................................................................................................... 22
Artikel Newman en Nollen (1996) ...................................................................................................................... 23
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 23
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 23
Begrippen uitgelegd ...................................................................................................................................... 24
Hoofdstuk 5: communiceren en onderhandelen ......................................................................................... 25
Internationale communicatie ............................................................................................................................. 25
Internationaal onderhandelen ........................................................................................................................... 26
Vormen van onderhandelen ......................................................................................................................... 26
Complicaties bij internationale onderhandelingen (3) ................................................................................. 26
Artikel Brett en Okumura (1998) ........................................................................................................................ 27
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 27
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 27
Begrippen ...................................................................................................................................................... 28
Artikel Brannen (2004) ....................................................................................................................................... 29
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 29
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 30
Begrippen ...................................................................................................................................................... 30
Hoofdstuk 6: Opkomende economieën (OE) .............................................................................................. 31
Kenmerken van OE ............................................................................................................................................. 31
Opereren in OE ................................................................................................................................................... 32
Economisch vlak ............................................................................................................................................ 32
Bottom/Base Of the Pyramide (BOP) ............................................................................................................ 32
Sociaal vlak .................................................................................................................................................... 33
Guanxi (关系) ................................................................................................................................................ 34
Multinationals uit opkomende economieën ...................................................................................................... 34
Strategieën van MNE’s (5) ............................................................................................................................. 34
Artikel Luo en Tung (2007) ................................................................................................................................. 35
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 35
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 36
Begrippen ...................................................................................................................................................... 36
Artikel Marquis en Raynard (2015) .................................................................................................................... 37
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 37
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 37
Begrippen ...................................................................................................................................................... 38
Hoofdstuk 7: Verduurzamen van internationale activiteiten ....................................................................... 39
Drijfveren van verduurzamen ............................................................................................................................ 39
Motieven ....................................................................................................................................................... 39
Verduurzamingsproces (5 stappen) ................................................................................................................... 39
Mondiaal perspectief / internationale aanpak ............................................................................................. 39
Artikel Tashman et al. (2019) ............................................................................................................................. 40
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 40
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 41
Begrippen uitgelegd ...................................................................................................................................... 41
Artikel Wijen en Van Tulder (2011) .................................................................................................................... 42
, Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 42
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 43
Begrippen uitgelegd ...................................................................................................................................... 43
Hoofdstuk 8: Managen van internationale publieke relaties ....................................................................... 44
Aard en drijfveren van internationale publieke relaties .................................................................................... 44
Belang van publieke actoren: ........................................................................................................................ 44
Typen van internationale publieke relaties: .................................................................................................. 44
Managen van internationale publieke relaties .................................................................................................. 45
Artikel Cuervo-Cazurra (2018)............................................................................................................................ 45
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 45
Conclusies en beleidsaanbevelingen ............................................................................................................ 46
Begrippen ...................................................................................................................................................... 46
Artikel Henisz et al. (2014) ................................................................................................................................. 47
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 47
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 48
Begrippen ...................................................................................................................................................... 48
Pollev vragen............................................................................................................................................ 49
, Hoofdstuk 1: Globalisering en regionalisering
Def. Globalisering: mondiale verwevenheid van landen op cultureel, politiek, economisch en
juridisch vlak
Voordelen:
- Bedrijven: meer mogelijk, meer winst, meer potentie
- Overheden: extra banen & belastingen...
- Burgers: groter aanbod & meer werkgelegenheid
Nadelen:
- Bedrijven: meer concurrentie, lagere winst, kleiner marktaandeel
- Overheden: meer concurrentie, minder inkomsten en reguleringsmacht
- Burgers: mogelijk verlies van banen en culturele identiteit
Def. Regionalisering: streekgebonden verwevenheid van landen op cultureel, politiek,
economisch en juridisch vlak
Drijfveren van internationalisering
- Opschalen van activiteiten: vergoten van afzetmarkt d.m.v. schaalvoordelen
- Uitbuiten van verschillen: goedkoper inkopen van zaken om makkelijker te globaliseren
- Versterken of behouden van competitiviteit: hoger klantenbinding vanaf start
- Omgaan met verschillen: kennis van lokale omgangsvormen
Belang van Outsourcing & Offshoring
Def. Offshoring: het proces waarbij bedrijven bepaalde activiteiten uitvoeren op
offshorelocaties in plaats van in hun land van oorsprong
Def. Outsourcing: het proces waarbij activiteiten worden uitbesteed aan externe organisaties
die voorheen binnen het bedrijf zelf werden uitgevoerd
→ Offshore outsourcing
= uitbreiding van enkel productieacitviteiten naar diensten zoals callcenters, onderzoek en
ontwikkeling (R&D), informatiediensten en zelfs juridische werkzaamheden
- Lagere kosten
- Hogere efficiëntie
Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1: Globalisering en regionalisering .............................................................................................. 4
Drijfveren van internationalisering ...................................................................................................................... 4
Belang van Outsourcing & Offshoring ................................................................................................................. 4
Artikel Rosa et al. (2020) ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Conclusies........................................................................................................................................................ 5
Begrippen ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
Hoofdstuk 2: Internationale omgeving ......................................................................................................... 7
PESTEL omgeving ................................................................................................................................................. 7
Politieke omgeving .......................................................................................................................................... 7
Economische omgeving................................................................................................................................... 7
Sociale omgeving............................................................................................................................................. 8
Technologische omgeving ............................................................................................................................... 8
Ecologische omgeving ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Legal / Wettelijke omgeving ............................................................................................................................ 8
Andere omgevingsbenaderingen ......................................................................................................................... 9
CAGE verschillen.............................................................................................................................................. 9
VUCA wereld ................................................................................................................................................... 9
Artikel Ghemawat .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 10
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 10
Begrippen ...................................................................................................................................................... 11
Hoofdstuk 3: Internationale strategie en structuur ..................................................................................... 12
Internationaliseringstechnieken......................................................................................................................... 12
Eclectische internationaleringstheorie ............................................................................................................... 13
OLI paradigma ................................................................................................................................................... 13
Toetredingsstrategieën ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Concurrentiestrategieën .................................................................................................................................... 14
Internationale concurrentiestrategieën ............................................................................................................. 14
= Moet gelijk lopen met de gekozen strategie .............................................................................................. 14
Internationale structuren ................................................................................................................................... 15
Artikel Harzing (2000) ........................................................................................................................................ 17
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 17
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 17
Begrippen uitgelegd ...................................................................................................................................... 18
Artikel Rugman en Verbeke (2001) .................................................................................................................... 18
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 18
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 19
Begrippen uitgelegd ...................................................................................................................................... 19
Hoofdstuk 4: Culturele diversiteit .............................................................................................................. 20
Nationale culturele diversiteit ............................................................................................................................ 20
, Cultureledimensie ......................................................................................................................................... 20
Dimensie van nationale culturen (GLOBE) .................................................................................................... 20
Managen van culturele diversiteit ..................................................................................................................... 22
Houdingen t.a.v. culturele diversiteit (4) ....................................................................................................... 22
Artikel Newman en Nollen (1996) ...................................................................................................................... 23
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 23
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 23
Begrippen uitgelegd ...................................................................................................................................... 24
Hoofdstuk 5: communiceren en onderhandelen ......................................................................................... 25
Internationale communicatie ............................................................................................................................. 25
Internationaal onderhandelen ........................................................................................................................... 26
Vormen van onderhandelen ......................................................................................................................... 26
Complicaties bij internationale onderhandelingen (3) ................................................................................. 26
Artikel Brett en Okumura (1998) ........................................................................................................................ 27
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 27
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 27
Begrippen ...................................................................................................................................................... 28
Artikel Brannen (2004) ....................................................................................................................................... 29
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 29
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 30
Begrippen ...................................................................................................................................................... 30
Hoofdstuk 6: Opkomende economieën (OE) .............................................................................................. 31
Kenmerken van OE ............................................................................................................................................. 31
Opereren in OE ................................................................................................................................................... 32
Economisch vlak ............................................................................................................................................ 32
Bottom/Base Of the Pyramide (BOP) ............................................................................................................ 32
Sociaal vlak .................................................................................................................................................... 33
Guanxi (关系) ................................................................................................................................................ 34
Multinationals uit opkomende economieën ...................................................................................................... 34
Strategieën van MNE’s (5) ............................................................................................................................. 34
Artikel Luo en Tung (2007) ................................................................................................................................. 35
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 35
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 36
Begrippen ...................................................................................................................................................... 36
Artikel Marquis en Raynard (2015) .................................................................................................................... 37
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 37
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 37
Begrippen ...................................................................................................................................................... 38
Hoofdstuk 7: Verduurzamen van internationale activiteiten ....................................................................... 39
Drijfveren van verduurzamen ............................................................................................................................ 39
Motieven ....................................................................................................................................................... 39
Verduurzamingsproces (5 stappen) ................................................................................................................... 39
Mondiaal perspectief / internationale aanpak ............................................................................................. 39
Artikel Tashman et al. (2019) ............................................................................................................................. 40
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 40
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 41
Begrippen uitgelegd ...................................................................................................................................... 41
Artikel Wijen en Van Tulder (2011) .................................................................................................................... 42
, Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 42
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 43
Begrippen uitgelegd ...................................................................................................................................... 43
Hoofdstuk 8: Managen van internationale publieke relaties ....................................................................... 44
Aard en drijfveren van internationale publieke relaties .................................................................................... 44
Belang van publieke actoren: ........................................................................................................................ 44
Typen van internationale publieke relaties: .................................................................................................. 44
Managen van internationale publieke relaties .................................................................................................. 45
Artikel Cuervo-Cazurra (2018)............................................................................................................................ 45
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 45
Conclusies en beleidsaanbevelingen ............................................................................................................ 46
Begrippen ...................................................................................................................................................... 46
Artikel Henisz et al. (2014) ................................................................................................................................. 47
Samenvatting ................................................................................................................................................. 47
Conclusies...................................................................................................................................................... 48
Begrippen ...................................................................................................................................................... 48
Pollev vragen............................................................................................................................................ 49
, Hoofdstuk 1: Globalisering en regionalisering
Def. Globalisering: mondiale verwevenheid van landen op cultureel, politiek, economisch en
juridisch vlak
Voordelen:
- Bedrijven: meer mogelijk, meer winst, meer potentie
- Overheden: extra banen & belastingen...
- Burgers: groter aanbod & meer werkgelegenheid
Nadelen:
- Bedrijven: meer concurrentie, lagere winst, kleiner marktaandeel
- Overheden: meer concurrentie, minder inkomsten en reguleringsmacht
- Burgers: mogelijk verlies van banen en culturele identiteit
Def. Regionalisering: streekgebonden verwevenheid van landen op cultureel, politiek,
economisch en juridisch vlak
Drijfveren van internationalisering
- Opschalen van activiteiten: vergoten van afzetmarkt d.m.v. schaalvoordelen
- Uitbuiten van verschillen: goedkoper inkopen van zaken om makkelijker te globaliseren
- Versterken of behouden van competitiviteit: hoger klantenbinding vanaf start
- Omgaan met verschillen: kennis van lokale omgangsvormen
Belang van Outsourcing & Offshoring
Def. Offshoring: het proces waarbij bedrijven bepaalde activiteiten uitvoeren op
offshorelocaties in plaats van in hun land van oorsprong
Def. Outsourcing: het proces waarbij activiteiten worden uitbesteed aan externe organisaties
die voorheen binnen het bedrijf zelf werden uitgevoerd
→ Offshore outsourcing
= uitbreiding van enkel productieacitviteiten naar diensten zoals callcenters, onderzoek en
ontwikkeling (R&D), informatiediensten en zelfs juridische werkzaamheden
- Lagere kosten
- Hogere efficiëntie
