History of European colonization 1750-2000
History of European Colonization
1750-2000
Inhoud
European Expansion............................................................................................. 12
I. Introduction....................................................................................................... 12
1. practical arrangements.................................................................................... 12
2. Definitions........................................................................................................ 13
Expansion.......................................................................................................... 13
Colony............................................................................................................... 13
Colonialism........................................................................................................ 14
Colonization....................................................................................................... 14
Different types................................................................................................... 15
Different types of colonies............................................................................. 15
Different types of empires.............................................................................. 15
Imperialism........................................................................................................ 16
Voorbeelden...................................................................................................... 16
Periodization...................................................................................................... 19
David Landes.................................................................................................. 19
Immanuel Wallerstein..................................................................................... 19
Kenneth Pomeranz......................................................................................... 20
John Darwin.................................................................................................... 20
David Abernethy............................................................................................ 21
Antony G. Hopkins.......................................................................................... 21
3. Causes.............................................................................................................. 22
3.1. Geography.................................................................................................. 22
Jared Diamond................................................................................................ 23
3.2. Technologie............................................................................................. 24
Tonio Andrade................................................................................................ 25
3.3. Economy.................................................................................................... 26
John A. Hobson............................................................................................... 26
Vladimir Ilich Lenin......................................................................................... 27
Gentlemanly capitalism.................................................................................. 27
3.4. Politics........................................................................................................ 27
Ronald Robinson & John Gallagher.................................................................28
Voorbeeldvragen............................................................................................ 28
1
, History of European colonization 1750-2000
3.5. Culture........................................................................................................ 29
Max Weber..................................................................................................... 29
Rudyard Kipling.............................................................................................. 30
3.6. Irrationality................................................................................................. 31
Joseph Schumpeter........................................................................................ 31
Absent-Minded Imperialism............................................................................31
Chaotic imperialism........................................................................................ 32
3.7. Combination............................................................................................... 32
Naill Ferguson................................................................................................. 32
David Abernethy............................................................................................ 32
John Darwin.................................................................................................... 35
3.7. Causes beyond Europe............................................................................... 37
4. Consequences.................................................................................................. 38
4.1. Diversity..................................................................................................... 38
4.2. politics........................................................................................................ 39
4.3. Economy.................................................................................................... 40
4.4. Society....................................................................................................... 41
4.4. Culture........................................................................................................ 43
5. historiography.................................................................................................. 44
5.1. International academia............................................................................... 44
Edward Said (1935-2003)............................................................................... 44
Gayatri Chakravotry Spivak (1942-…)............................................................45
Homi K. Bhabha (1949-…).............................................................................. 46
Aníbal Quijano (1930-2018)........................................................................... 46
María Lugones (1944-2020)........................................................................... 47
Walter Mignolo (1941-…)................................................................................ 47
5.2. Belgian case............................................................................................... 48
II. The Major Metropoles....................................................................................... 52
1. Portugal............................................................................................................ 52
Precedent setter................................................................................................ 52
Reasons............................................................................................................. 52
The East............................................................................................................ 53
The West........................................................................................................... 53
Disintegration.................................................................................................... 54
2. Spain................................................................................................................ 55
Spanish particularities....................................................................................... 55
Conquest of vast territories............................................................................... 55
2
, History of European colonization 1750-2000
Economic exploitation....................................................................................... 56
Demographic impact......................................................................................... 56
Disintegration.................................................................................................... 57
3. The Netherlands............................................................................................... 58
Dutch Particularities.......................................................................................... 58
Initially: search for new routes..........................................................................59
* The New Netherlands.................................................................................. 59
The VOC............................................................................................................ 60
The WIC............................................................................................................. 61
4. England (1707-: Britain)................................................................................... 61
English particularities........................................................................................ 61
The first decades............................................................................................... 62
England in the Caribbean.................................................................................. 62
England in North America.................................................................................. 63
England in Asia.................................................................................................. 63
Anglo-Dutch Wars.............................................................................................. 64
5. France............................................................................................................... 64
French particularities......................................................................................... 64
The New World.................................................................................................. 65
The Old World.................................................................................................... 65
Other metropoles ?............................................................................................... 66
III. The Seventy Years’ War (1744-1814)...............................................................67
The Second Hundred Years’ War........................................................................67
1. The Seven Years’s War (1756-1763).................................................................68
a) Europe........................................................................................................... 68
The Seven Years’ War in Europe.....................................................................68
b) India.............................................................................................................. 68
The Seven Years’ War in India........................................................................68
Other powers in India..................................................................................... 69
c. America......................................................................................................... 70
The Seven Years’ War in America...................................................................70
The Seven Years’ War: outcome.....................................................................71
From BNA to USA............................................................................................ 71
2. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)...................................................................71
a) British expansion........................................................................................... 71
Britain and Napoleon...................................................................................... 71
British expansion in India............................................................................... 72
3
, History of European colonization 1750-2000
b) The decolonization of Latin America.............................................................73
overview decolonization of Lat. Am................................................................73
Hispaniola...................................................................................................... 74
Haiti’s poverty (1).......................................................................................... 75
Haiti’s poverty (2).......................................................................................... 75
Overview decolonization Lat. Am......................................................................76
Spanish colonies............................................................................................. 77
3. The White Settler colonies................................................................................ 80
a) Canada.......................................................................................................... 80
The US and Canada........................................................................................ 80
Developments in Canada............................................................................... 81
Durham Report (1838)................................................................................... 81
Responsible Government in Canada...............................................................82
Dominion of Canada....................................................................................... 82
b) Australia and New Zealand........................................................................... 83
Exploration of the Pacific................................................................................ 83
Early voyages in the Pacific............................................................................84
The voyages of James Cook........................................................................... 84
‘A Nation of Shoplifters’.................................................................................. 84
Australian society........................................................................................... 85
Territorial expansion....................................................................................... 85
New Zealand.................................................................................................. 86
Pacific............................................................................................................. 86
c) White settler colonies in the 19th and 20th century........................................86
White settler colonies..................................................................................... 86
IV. Asia.................................................................................................................. 88
1. British India...................................................................................................... 88
The ‘Great Game’.............................................................................................. 89
Further British Expansion.................................................................................. 89
A temporary break............................................................................................ 91
New British expansion....................................................................................... 92
The end of the Great Game............................................................................... 93
The Anglo-Burmese Wars.................................................................................. 93
2. Southeast Asia.................................................................................................. 94
The Collapse of the VOC.................................................................................... 94
The British in Southeast Asia............................................................................. 94
Dutch Expansion in the Dutch Indies.................................................................95
4
, History of European colonization 1750-2000
3. French Indochina.............................................................................................. 97
French interest.................................................................................................. 97
Conquest of Indochina....................................................................................... 97
Siam.................................................................................................................. 98
4. China................................................................................................................ 98
Ming (1368-1644).............................................................................................. 98
Qing (1644-1911).............................................................................................. 99
The First Opium War (1839-42).......................................................................100
The Second Opium War (1856-60)..................................................................101
Collaboration in the 1860s.............................................................................. 102
The rise of Japan.............................................................................................. 102
The ‘partition’ of China.................................................................................... 103
Chinese Reactions........................................................................................... 104
Summary: The West in China...........................................................................105
China in the early 20th c.................................................................................. 105
China and its colonizers.................................................................................. 106
V. Africa............................................................................................................. 108
Europeans before the early 19th c....................................................................108
Why so late?.................................................................................................... 109
1. North Africa (1)............................................................................................... 109
Algeria: the conquest...................................................................................... 109
Algeria: the rule............................................................................................... 110
Tunisia............................................................................................................. 111
Egypt............................................................................................................... 113
The ‘veiled protectorate’.............................................................................. 114
Sudan........................................................................................................... 115
2. The Congo...................................................................................................... 116
David Livingstone............................................................................................ 116
Henry Morton Stanley...................................................................................... 116
Leopold II......................................................................................................... 116
Savorgnan de Brazza (1852-1905)..................................................................117
Leopold and the European powers..................................................................118
Conference of Berlin........................................................................................ 119
3. Southern Africa............................................................................................... 120
White settlement............................................................................................. 120
Disintegration.................................................................................................. 121
The first Boer War (1880-81)...........................................................................122
5
, History of European colonization 1750-2000
Germans in Southern Africa............................................................................. 122
Discovery of gems........................................................................................... 123
The Cape Colony’s reaction..........................................................................124
Cecil Rhodes................................................................................................. 124
The Annexation of Rhodesia............................................................................125
The Second Boer War...................................................................................... 126
The British victory........................................................................................ 126
South Africa in the 20th century.......................................................................127
4. East Africa...................................................................................................... 127
Geography and history.................................................................................... 128
Europeans....................................................................................................... 128
Treaties............................................................................................................ 129
Pacification...................................................................................................... 130
5. Sudan and the Horn........................................................................................ 131
The importance of the Upper-Nile...................................................................131
The Horn of Africa............................................................................................ 132
Menelik II...................................................................................................... 132
The French reaction......................................................................................... 133
The British Victory........................................................................................... 134
6. West Africa..................................................................................................... 134
Background..................................................................................................... 134
Multi-European presence (1)........................................................................... 135
Multi-European presence (2)........................................................................... 135
Unifying the French colonies............................................................................135
7. North Africa (2)............................................................................................... 136
European interest in Morocco..........................................................................136
European penetration in Morocco....................................................................137
The First Moroccan Crisis (1905-6)..................................................................137
The Second Moroccan Crisis (1911-2).............................................................138
VI. Tools of Empire.............................................................................................. 139
1. Politics............................................................................................................ 139
a) Political systems.......................................................................................... 139
Power Centers.............................................................................................. 139
Representation in India................................................................................ 140
Much Variety................................................................................................ 140
b) Political strategies....................................................................................... 143
Divide and Rule............................................................................................ 143
6
, History of European colonization 1750-2000
Violence....................................................................................................... 144
Diseases....................................................................................................... 145
Famines........................................................................................................ 146
c) Political actors............................................................................................. 146
Rulers at home............................................................................................. 146
Rulers oversea.............................................................................................. 147
2. Gender............................................................................................................ 148
a) Masculinity.................................................................................................. 148
Masculinity................................................................................................... 148
Men Only?.................................................................................................... 148
Heroic Individuals?....................................................................................... 149
b) Sexuality..................................................................................................... 149
Sexual pratices............................................................................................. 149
Obsession with the exotic nude....................................................................150
c) Relations...................................................................................................... 150
initially: male bachelors................................................................................ 150
Concubinage with local women....................................................................151
Thus: regulated relations............................................................................. 151
Consequences.............................................................................................. 152
Late 19th c.: White women............................................................................152
3. Missionary work.............................................................................................. 153
a) Chronology.................................................................................................. 153
From the very beginning.............................................................................. 153
Decline in the 18th century...........................................................................153
Resurrection in the 19th century...................................................................154
From fascination to civilization.....................................................................154
b) Structures and activities............................................................................. 155
Active in many places.................................................................................. 155
New Catholic institutions.............................................................................. 156
Many new Protestant institutions.................................................................156
Women and missionary................................................................................ 156
Activities...................................................................................................... 156
Variety, e.g. education................................................................................. 157
Success........................................................................................................ 157
c) Debates and narratives............................................................................... 158
positive or negative effects?........................................................................158
Monologue or Dialogue?............................................................................... 158
7
, History of European colonization 1750-2000
Imperial or not?............................................................................................ 159
4. Economy......................................................................................................... 160
a) Trade........................................................................................................... 160
General observations................................................................................... 160
Variety.......................................................................................................... 160
Slave trade................................................................................................... 161
Abolitionism................................................................................................. 161
Freed slave states........................................................................................ 162
b) Agriculture.................................................................................................. 162
The land....................................................................................................... 162
c) Industry....................................................................................................... 165
Mineral extraction........................................................................................ 165
5. Development.................................................................................................. 167
a) Transport and communication.....................................................................167
Mutual effect................................................................................................ 167
Waterways.................................................................................................... 167
Railways....................................................................................................... 168
Air transport................................................................................................. 168
Communication............................................................................................ 169
b) Sciences and museums............................................................................... 169
Mutual effect................................................................................................ 169
Geography................................................................................................... 170
The subjectivity of geography......................................................................171
Anthropology................................................................................................ 172
Indigenous people on display.......................................................................172
c) Environment and cities................................................................................ 173
Transformation of the landscape..................................................................173
Hunting........................................................................................................ 173
Cities............................................................................................................ 174
Architecture.................................................................................................. 174
VII. The Twentieth Century.................................................................................. 176
1. The First World War and its aftermath............................................................176
a) War.............................................................................................................. 176
WWI and the colonies................................................................................... 176
b) Peace.......................................................................................................... 178
League of Nations mandates........................................................................178
Pariser Vorortverträge.................................................................................. 178
8
, History of European colonization 1750-2000
The division of the Ottoman Empire.............................................................179
The division of German colonies..................................................................179
2. The interwar period........................................................................................ 180
a) General observations.................................................................................. 180
Climax?........................................................................................................ 180
Cracks?......................................................................................................... 180
Shrinking gaps............................................................................................. 181
Answers of the colonized.............................................................................. 181
b) Cracks in the British Empire........................................................................182
Cracks in the British Empire.........................................................................182
3. The Second World War.................................................................................... 184
Japan............................................................................................................... 184
Italy................................................................................................................. 185
4. Decolonization................................................................................................ 185
The causes of decolonization..........................................................................186
The geography of decolonization....................................................................186
India after WWII............................................................................................... 186
Other British colonies in South Asia................................................................187
The decolonization of the Dutch Indies...........................................................188
Dragging problems.......................................................................................... 189
The French retreat from Indochina..................................................................190
The Algerian war............................................................................................. 190
The Suez Crisis (1956)..................................................................................... 191
French colonial disengagement.......................................................................191
Sub-Saharan Africa.......................................................................................... 192
Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972).....................................................................192
Julius Nyerere (1922-1999)..........................................................................192
British hesitancy in Africa................................................................................ 193
British hesitancy in Asia.................................................................................. 193
‘British’ ‘mess’................................................................................................. 193
The Mau Mau Uprising.................................................................................. 194
5. Postcolonialisms............................................................................................. 194
The heritage.................................................................................................... 194
Politics: The Cold War................................................................................... 194
Economy: neocolonialism?........................................................................... 195
Societies: development aid..........................................................................195
People: migration......................................................................................... 196
9
, History of European colonization 1750-2000
10
History of European Colonization
1750-2000
Inhoud
European Expansion............................................................................................. 12
I. Introduction....................................................................................................... 12
1. practical arrangements.................................................................................... 12
2. Definitions........................................................................................................ 13
Expansion.......................................................................................................... 13
Colony............................................................................................................... 13
Colonialism........................................................................................................ 14
Colonization....................................................................................................... 14
Different types................................................................................................... 15
Different types of colonies............................................................................. 15
Different types of empires.............................................................................. 15
Imperialism........................................................................................................ 16
Voorbeelden...................................................................................................... 16
Periodization...................................................................................................... 19
David Landes.................................................................................................. 19
Immanuel Wallerstein..................................................................................... 19
Kenneth Pomeranz......................................................................................... 20
John Darwin.................................................................................................... 20
David Abernethy............................................................................................ 21
Antony G. Hopkins.......................................................................................... 21
3. Causes.............................................................................................................. 22
3.1. Geography.................................................................................................. 22
Jared Diamond................................................................................................ 23
3.2. Technologie............................................................................................. 24
Tonio Andrade................................................................................................ 25
3.3. Economy.................................................................................................... 26
John A. Hobson............................................................................................... 26
Vladimir Ilich Lenin......................................................................................... 27
Gentlemanly capitalism.................................................................................. 27
3.4. Politics........................................................................................................ 27
Ronald Robinson & John Gallagher.................................................................28
Voorbeeldvragen............................................................................................ 28
1
, History of European colonization 1750-2000
3.5. Culture........................................................................................................ 29
Max Weber..................................................................................................... 29
Rudyard Kipling.............................................................................................. 30
3.6. Irrationality................................................................................................. 31
Joseph Schumpeter........................................................................................ 31
Absent-Minded Imperialism............................................................................31
Chaotic imperialism........................................................................................ 32
3.7. Combination............................................................................................... 32
Naill Ferguson................................................................................................. 32
David Abernethy............................................................................................ 32
John Darwin.................................................................................................... 35
3.7. Causes beyond Europe............................................................................... 37
4. Consequences.................................................................................................. 38
4.1. Diversity..................................................................................................... 38
4.2. politics........................................................................................................ 39
4.3. Economy.................................................................................................... 40
4.4. Society....................................................................................................... 41
4.4. Culture........................................................................................................ 43
5. historiography.................................................................................................. 44
5.1. International academia............................................................................... 44
Edward Said (1935-2003)............................................................................... 44
Gayatri Chakravotry Spivak (1942-…)............................................................45
Homi K. Bhabha (1949-…).............................................................................. 46
Aníbal Quijano (1930-2018)........................................................................... 46
María Lugones (1944-2020)........................................................................... 47
Walter Mignolo (1941-…)................................................................................ 47
5.2. Belgian case............................................................................................... 48
II. The Major Metropoles....................................................................................... 52
1. Portugal............................................................................................................ 52
Precedent setter................................................................................................ 52
Reasons............................................................................................................. 52
The East............................................................................................................ 53
The West........................................................................................................... 53
Disintegration.................................................................................................... 54
2. Spain................................................................................................................ 55
Spanish particularities....................................................................................... 55
Conquest of vast territories............................................................................... 55
2
, History of European colonization 1750-2000
Economic exploitation....................................................................................... 56
Demographic impact......................................................................................... 56
Disintegration.................................................................................................... 57
3. The Netherlands............................................................................................... 58
Dutch Particularities.......................................................................................... 58
Initially: search for new routes..........................................................................59
* The New Netherlands.................................................................................. 59
The VOC............................................................................................................ 60
The WIC............................................................................................................. 61
4. England (1707-: Britain)................................................................................... 61
English particularities........................................................................................ 61
The first decades............................................................................................... 62
England in the Caribbean.................................................................................. 62
England in North America.................................................................................. 63
England in Asia.................................................................................................. 63
Anglo-Dutch Wars.............................................................................................. 64
5. France............................................................................................................... 64
French particularities......................................................................................... 64
The New World.................................................................................................. 65
The Old World.................................................................................................... 65
Other metropoles ?............................................................................................... 66
III. The Seventy Years’ War (1744-1814)...............................................................67
The Second Hundred Years’ War........................................................................67
1. The Seven Years’s War (1756-1763).................................................................68
a) Europe........................................................................................................... 68
The Seven Years’ War in Europe.....................................................................68
b) India.............................................................................................................. 68
The Seven Years’ War in India........................................................................68
Other powers in India..................................................................................... 69
c. America......................................................................................................... 70
The Seven Years’ War in America...................................................................70
The Seven Years’ War: outcome.....................................................................71
From BNA to USA............................................................................................ 71
2. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)...................................................................71
a) British expansion........................................................................................... 71
Britain and Napoleon...................................................................................... 71
British expansion in India............................................................................... 72
3
, History of European colonization 1750-2000
b) The decolonization of Latin America.............................................................73
overview decolonization of Lat. Am................................................................73
Hispaniola...................................................................................................... 74
Haiti’s poverty (1).......................................................................................... 75
Haiti’s poverty (2).......................................................................................... 75
Overview decolonization Lat. Am......................................................................76
Spanish colonies............................................................................................. 77
3. The White Settler colonies................................................................................ 80
a) Canada.......................................................................................................... 80
The US and Canada........................................................................................ 80
Developments in Canada............................................................................... 81
Durham Report (1838)................................................................................... 81
Responsible Government in Canada...............................................................82
Dominion of Canada....................................................................................... 82
b) Australia and New Zealand........................................................................... 83
Exploration of the Pacific................................................................................ 83
Early voyages in the Pacific............................................................................84
The voyages of James Cook........................................................................... 84
‘A Nation of Shoplifters’.................................................................................. 84
Australian society........................................................................................... 85
Territorial expansion....................................................................................... 85
New Zealand.................................................................................................. 86
Pacific............................................................................................................. 86
c) White settler colonies in the 19th and 20th century........................................86
White settler colonies..................................................................................... 86
IV. Asia.................................................................................................................. 88
1. British India...................................................................................................... 88
The ‘Great Game’.............................................................................................. 89
Further British Expansion.................................................................................. 89
A temporary break............................................................................................ 91
New British expansion....................................................................................... 92
The end of the Great Game............................................................................... 93
The Anglo-Burmese Wars.................................................................................. 93
2. Southeast Asia.................................................................................................. 94
The Collapse of the VOC.................................................................................... 94
The British in Southeast Asia............................................................................. 94
Dutch Expansion in the Dutch Indies.................................................................95
4
, History of European colonization 1750-2000
3. French Indochina.............................................................................................. 97
French interest.................................................................................................. 97
Conquest of Indochina....................................................................................... 97
Siam.................................................................................................................. 98
4. China................................................................................................................ 98
Ming (1368-1644).............................................................................................. 98
Qing (1644-1911).............................................................................................. 99
The First Opium War (1839-42).......................................................................100
The Second Opium War (1856-60)..................................................................101
Collaboration in the 1860s.............................................................................. 102
The rise of Japan.............................................................................................. 102
The ‘partition’ of China.................................................................................... 103
Chinese Reactions........................................................................................... 104
Summary: The West in China...........................................................................105
China in the early 20th c.................................................................................. 105
China and its colonizers.................................................................................. 106
V. Africa............................................................................................................. 108
Europeans before the early 19th c....................................................................108
Why so late?.................................................................................................... 109
1. North Africa (1)............................................................................................... 109
Algeria: the conquest...................................................................................... 109
Algeria: the rule............................................................................................... 110
Tunisia............................................................................................................. 111
Egypt............................................................................................................... 113
The ‘veiled protectorate’.............................................................................. 114
Sudan........................................................................................................... 115
2. The Congo...................................................................................................... 116
David Livingstone............................................................................................ 116
Henry Morton Stanley...................................................................................... 116
Leopold II......................................................................................................... 116
Savorgnan de Brazza (1852-1905)..................................................................117
Leopold and the European powers..................................................................118
Conference of Berlin........................................................................................ 119
3. Southern Africa............................................................................................... 120
White settlement............................................................................................. 120
Disintegration.................................................................................................. 121
The first Boer War (1880-81)...........................................................................122
5
, History of European colonization 1750-2000
Germans in Southern Africa............................................................................. 122
Discovery of gems........................................................................................... 123
The Cape Colony’s reaction..........................................................................124
Cecil Rhodes................................................................................................. 124
The Annexation of Rhodesia............................................................................125
The Second Boer War...................................................................................... 126
The British victory........................................................................................ 126
South Africa in the 20th century.......................................................................127
4. East Africa...................................................................................................... 127
Geography and history.................................................................................... 128
Europeans....................................................................................................... 128
Treaties............................................................................................................ 129
Pacification...................................................................................................... 130
5. Sudan and the Horn........................................................................................ 131
The importance of the Upper-Nile...................................................................131
The Horn of Africa............................................................................................ 132
Menelik II...................................................................................................... 132
The French reaction......................................................................................... 133
The British Victory........................................................................................... 134
6. West Africa..................................................................................................... 134
Background..................................................................................................... 134
Multi-European presence (1)........................................................................... 135
Multi-European presence (2)........................................................................... 135
Unifying the French colonies............................................................................135
7. North Africa (2)............................................................................................... 136
European interest in Morocco..........................................................................136
European penetration in Morocco....................................................................137
The First Moroccan Crisis (1905-6)..................................................................137
The Second Moroccan Crisis (1911-2).............................................................138
VI. Tools of Empire.............................................................................................. 139
1. Politics............................................................................................................ 139
a) Political systems.......................................................................................... 139
Power Centers.............................................................................................. 139
Representation in India................................................................................ 140
Much Variety................................................................................................ 140
b) Political strategies....................................................................................... 143
Divide and Rule............................................................................................ 143
6
, History of European colonization 1750-2000
Violence....................................................................................................... 144
Diseases....................................................................................................... 145
Famines........................................................................................................ 146
c) Political actors............................................................................................. 146
Rulers at home............................................................................................. 146
Rulers oversea.............................................................................................. 147
2. Gender............................................................................................................ 148
a) Masculinity.................................................................................................. 148
Masculinity................................................................................................... 148
Men Only?.................................................................................................... 148
Heroic Individuals?....................................................................................... 149
b) Sexuality..................................................................................................... 149
Sexual pratices............................................................................................. 149
Obsession with the exotic nude....................................................................150
c) Relations...................................................................................................... 150
initially: male bachelors................................................................................ 150
Concubinage with local women....................................................................151
Thus: regulated relations............................................................................. 151
Consequences.............................................................................................. 152
Late 19th c.: White women............................................................................152
3. Missionary work.............................................................................................. 153
a) Chronology.................................................................................................. 153
From the very beginning.............................................................................. 153
Decline in the 18th century...........................................................................153
Resurrection in the 19th century...................................................................154
From fascination to civilization.....................................................................154
b) Structures and activities............................................................................. 155
Active in many places.................................................................................. 155
New Catholic institutions.............................................................................. 156
Many new Protestant institutions.................................................................156
Women and missionary................................................................................ 156
Activities...................................................................................................... 156
Variety, e.g. education................................................................................. 157
Success........................................................................................................ 157
c) Debates and narratives............................................................................... 158
positive or negative effects?........................................................................158
Monologue or Dialogue?............................................................................... 158
7
, History of European colonization 1750-2000
Imperial or not?............................................................................................ 159
4. Economy......................................................................................................... 160
a) Trade........................................................................................................... 160
General observations................................................................................... 160
Variety.......................................................................................................... 160
Slave trade................................................................................................... 161
Abolitionism................................................................................................. 161
Freed slave states........................................................................................ 162
b) Agriculture.................................................................................................. 162
The land....................................................................................................... 162
c) Industry....................................................................................................... 165
Mineral extraction........................................................................................ 165
5. Development.................................................................................................. 167
a) Transport and communication.....................................................................167
Mutual effect................................................................................................ 167
Waterways.................................................................................................... 167
Railways....................................................................................................... 168
Air transport................................................................................................. 168
Communication............................................................................................ 169
b) Sciences and museums............................................................................... 169
Mutual effect................................................................................................ 169
Geography................................................................................................... 170
The subjectivity of geography......................................................................171
Anthropology................................................................................................ 172
Indigenous people on display.......................................................................172
c) Environment and cities................................................................................ 173
Transformation of the landscape..................................................................173
Hunting........................................................................................................ 173
Cities............................................................................................................ 174
Architecture.................................................................................................. 174
VII. The Twentieth Century.................................................................................. 176
1. The First World War and its aftermath............................................................176
a) War.............................................................................................................. 176
WWI and the colonies................................................................................... 176
b) Peace.......................................................................................................... 178
League of Nations mandates........................................................................178
Pariser Vorortverträge.................................................................................. 178
8
, History of European colonization 1750-2000
The division of the Ottoman Empire.............................................................179
The division of German colonies..................................................................179
2. The interwar period........................................................................................ 180
a) General observations.................................................................................. 180
Climax?........................................................................................................ 180
Cracks?......................................................................................................... 180
Shrinking gaps............................................................................................. 181
Answers of the colonized.............................................................................. 181
b) Cracks in the British Empire........................................................................182
Cracks in the British Empire.........................................................................182
3. The Second World War.................................................................................... 184
Japan............................................................................................................... 184
Italy................................................................................................................. 185
4. Decolonization................................................................................................ 185
The causes of decolonization..........................................................................186
The geography of decolonization....................................................................186
India after WWII............................................................................................... 186
Other British colonies in South Asia................................................................187
The decolonization of the Dutch Indies...........................................................188
Dragging problems.......................................................................................... 189
The French retreat from Indochina..................................................................190
The Algerian war............................................................................................. 190
The Suez Crisis (1956)..................................................................................... 191
French colonial disengagement.......................................................................191
Sub-Saharan Africa.......................................................................................... 192
Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972).....................................................................192
Julius Nyerere (1922-1999)..........................................................................192
British hesitancy in Africa................................................................................ 193
British hesitancy in Asia.................................................................................. 193
‘British’ ‘mess’................................................................................................. 193
The Mau Mau Uprising.................................................................................. 194
5. Postcolonialisms............................................................................................. 194
The heritage.................................................................................................... 194
Politics: The Cold War................................................................................... 194
Economy: neocolonialism?........................................................................... 195
Societies: development aid..........................................................................195
People: migration......................................................................................... 196
9
, History of European colonization 1750-2000
10
