LAWCORE (LLB/LLM Arbitration/LPC/SQE2/New York Bar)

National Treatment o Definition o Drafting provisions o Violation of standard  Comparator - Business sector - Not like products - Legal regime  Less favourable treatment - Treatment - No less favourable - Discriminatory intent  No reasonable justification for differentiated treatment Most Favoured Nation Treatment o Relationship with Customary International Law o Ejusdem Generis principle o Scope of application  Treaties  Treatment of TP Investors  De...

Standards of treatment o Contingent/Relative o Non-contingent/Absolute Fair & Equitable Treatment o Definition o Treaty adoption methods o Autonomous v Minimum standard o Substantive content  - Case-by-case  - Creeping violations  - State functions o Violations  - Frustration of Investor’s expectations  - Denial of justice/due process  - Arbitrariness/Discrimination  - Absence of good faith o ECT  - Conditions  - Reliance on Host State’s commitm...

Business Business (Tax) Criminal Litigation Dispute Resolution Professional Conduct Real Property (Freehold) Real Property (Leasehold) Real Property (Planning) Real Property (Tax) Wills Wills (Probate) Wills (Tax)

IHT - Lifetime transfers - Potentially exempt transfers - Exemptions - Reliefs - IHT returns Income tax CGT - Reliefs

Grant of representation - Reqs - Procedure Administration of estates - PRs' duties - PRs' powers - PRs' protection - Distribution of estate Claims vs Estate - Claims - Claimants - Grounds - Orders

Validity Personal representatives Modifications Revocation Interpretation Intestacy Non-probate transfers

Structure & Content Grant procedure Assignment Licence to assign/underlet Covenants - Liabilities & Remedies Termination Security of Tenure

Pre-contract exchange Contract exchange Pre-completion Completion Post-completion Delayed completion

SDLT - Residential - Commercial - Returns VAT - Rates CGT - Chargeable gains - Exemptions & Reliefs

Development Planning Permission General Permitted Development Order Building Regulation Control

SRA Code of Conduct - Part 1 - Part 5 - Parts 6.1, 6.2 - Parts 6.3-6.5 - Parts 7.1-7.12 - Part 8.1 - Principle 3

ADR Methods Pre-action Protocol Case Allocation Service of Process Statement of Case Response Interim Application Case Management Evidence Disclosure Trial Costs Appeals Enforcement of Judgments

Bail Representation order Types of offences Plea before venue Case allocation Case management Plea and trial preparation hearing (PTPH) Visual identification evidence Adverse inference Hearsay Confessions Bad character Right to fair trial Trial procedure Sentencing Newton hearing Appeals Youth court procedure

Business Organisations - Sole Traders - Partnerships - Private Limited Companies - Public Companies - Community Interest Company Legal Personality - Veil of Protection - Piercing Veil of Protection Incorporation - Promoter - Pre-Incorporation Contract - Reqs - Articles of Association - Entrenchment - Secretaries Directors - Powers - Duties - Breach - Appointment - Removal - Loans - Declaration of Interest - Substantial Property Transaction - Remuneration - Disqual...

Income tax - Chargeable persons - Reliefs & Exemptions - Calculation CGT - Chargeable persons - Chargeable gains - Deductions - Reliefs & Exemptions - Calculation Corporate tax - Chargeable sums - Deductions - Payment VAT - Chargeable Goods/Services - Rates IHT - Chargeable estates - Reliefs -

Direct expropriation - Nationalisation - Clear - Unclear Lawful expropriation - Public purpose - Non-discriminatory measures - Due process - Compensation Indirect Expropriation - Measures - Discriminatory tax - TP Interference - Government's breach of contractual obligations - Interference with investment management - Revocation/Denial of permits/licences Indirect Expropriation - Criterion - State's police powers - Treaty practice - Impact of measure - Partial expr...

Defences - Express Exceptions in Investment Treaties - Security Exceptions - Interpretation - General Exceptions (Art XX GATT/Art XIV GATS) - Tax measures - Government procurement/subsidies/grants - State's financial infrastructure - Existing/Future non-conforming measures Defences - Customary International Law - Consent - Force Majeure - State of Necessity State Counterclaims - Treaties/ICSID Convention/Arbitration Rules - Instruments of consent - Variations of scope of co...

Which law governs the arbitration agreement? o Tribunal  A-national rules  Seat of arbitration  Parties’ law o National court o Conflict of law rules o Law governing substantive contract o Seat of arbitration o UK  [Sulamerica]  [ENKA v Chubb] o France  [Dalico] o Switzerland What are the elements of an arbitration clause? o Parties’ intent to arbitrate  [Anzen] o Ad hoc v Institutional arbitration o Seat of arbitration What are multi-tiered clauses? ...

State responsibility - Constituent elements - Legal effects Attribution of wrongful conduct to states - State organs - Entities exercising elements of governmental authority - Ultra vires acts of State organs/agencies - Conduct directed/controlled by State - Subsequent adoption/acknowledgment by State Treaty interpretation - General rule (Art 31 VCLT) - Supplementary means (Art 32 VCLT) - Treaties authenticated in +2 languages (Art 33 VCLT)

Standards of protection before WW2 - Standards of protection - Scholarly opinion - Early cases - Efforts on codification - BITs Standards of protection after WW2 - Multinational investment framework - Post-colonial challenges to protection frameworks - Renewed attempts > Global treaty