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What is the mode of transmission for the hepatitis D virus? 1. Blood transfusion 2. Oral-fecal route 3. Sexual contact 4. Both A and C - Answer ANS: 4. Both 1 and 3 1. Blood transfusion 3. Sexual contact Page: 713 1. The hepatitis D virus is particularly concentrated in the blood of an infected person. Therefore, it is transmitted through contact with infected blood or blood products. 2. The hepatitis A and E viruses are transmitted by the oral-fecal route, usually via contamin...

Overview of the Blood - Answer •Blood •5000ml •Plasma •3000ml Hematocrit defined - Answer - % of RBCs [higher value = higher viscosity = thicker blood) - Example: Polycythemia may have Hct of 60-70% Types of Blood Cells - Erythrocytes [RBCs) - Answer - Transport O2 - Small disc shape - Lifespan = 120 days - Carry Hgb [ferrous oxide, also an acid/base buffer) - Made in the bone marrow - Iliac crest for sample in leukemia [after age 20 in the vertebrae, st...

2 major classes of cells - Answer Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Eukaryote Examples - Answer animal cells, plant cells, single-celled organisms, fungi and protozoa Difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes - Answer Eukaryotes-found in multicellular organisms, larger, contain a nucleus and organelles. Prokaryotes-single celled organisms, smaller, no nucleus, no organelles. Prokaryote Example - Answer Bacteria (Exs. E. Coli. and Rickettsiae), Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)...

A client presents to clinic for the first time. The provider discovers that the client was diagnosed with Prader-Willi syndrome. What symptoms does the provider expect to find during this encounter: - Answer Hyperphasia, obesity, and strabismus a client with Prader-Willi syndrome, well-known to the clinic, presents today for an annual physical. This client is at higher risk and should be screened for what medical condition? - Answer Type 2 diabetes mellitus A new client presents to t...

Interphase - Answer cell feeds, metabolizes and grows while replicating DNA in preparation for mitosis Prophase - Answer first appearance of chromosomes (will be 92) Metaphase - Answer Centrioles pull chromosomes to opposite sides of cell (chromatid) - 46 each side Anaphase - Answer Centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled apart Telophase - Answer New nuclear membrane formed around each group of 46 chromosomes *When it goes right, euploid cells are produced* ...

When does a cell become irreversibly injured? - Answer 1. The exact point of irreversible injury can vary based on a variety of factors, and the exact point of irreversible damage is up for debate. However, structurally, when severe vacuolization of the mitochondria occurs and calcium moves into the cell, irreversible injury is imminent. Discuss the pathogenesis of hypoxic injury. - Answer Hypoxia leads to a reduction in ATP levels which causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium ...

20-25% - Answer Kidneys require at least ______ of cardiac output. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone - Answer Reduced perfusion of a kidney activates the _____ system, which causes constriction of peripheral arterioles. calcium oxalate - Answer most common type of kidney stone referred pain - Answer Passage of kidney stones can be extremely painful and may produce ______ to the umbilicus area. umbilicus - Answer Referred pain from kidney stones is seen in the ______ area. ...

A patient is diagnosed with a kidney stone that is composed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. What type of urinary calculus is this? A) Calcium B) Struvite C) Uric acid D) Indinavir - Answer B) Struvite A patient has uncontrolled or premature contractions of the detrusor muscle. Which condition is associated with this medical problem? A) Spinal cord injury B) Immune system dysfunction C) Congestive heart failure D) Renal carcinoma - Answer A) Spinal cord injury Which sta...

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A client who has been taking buspirone (BuSpar) for two months returns to the clinic for a follow-up. The nurse determines that the medication is effective if there is an absent display of? -Feelings of panic, fear, and uneasiness. -Thought broadcasting or delusions. -Paranoid and suicidal thought process. -Alcohol withdrawal symptoms. - Answer -Feelings of panic, fear, and uneasiness. A nurse provides instructions to a client taking fluoxetine (Prozac) a selective serotonin reuptake...

Neurotransmitters - Answer •Norepinephrine •Serotonin •Dopamine •GABA (Gamma amino butyric acid) •"Emotional chemicals" Norepinephrine - Answer Adrenaline for the brain •Secreted by adrenal glands in response to stress •"fight or flight" •Helps us focus and concentrate Serotonin - Answer •Regulates states of consciousness, mood, anxiety •Affects appetite, sleep, sexual behavior •Powerful vasoconstrictor Depression - Answer A major c...

Tricyclic Antidepressants - Answer Amitriptyline Amoxapine Clomipramine Imipramine tertiary amines block - Answer 5HT reuptake better secondary amines block - Answer NE reuptake better Which type of amine (secondary or tertiary) causes greater sedative side effects? - Answer tertiary > secondary What class of drugs should you screen a patient for cardiac conduction disease before initiating therapy? - Answer TCAs What are the AE's are TCA's known to hav...

Anxiety Medications - Answer Benzodiazepines, Non-Benzodiazepines, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), and other medications such as antidepressants, Prazosin (Minipress), Propranolol (Inderal), sedatives, anticonvulsants, and antipsychotics. Benzodiazepines for Anxiety - Answer Alprazolam (Xanax), Lorazepam (Ativan), Oxazepam (Serax), Diazepam (Valium), Clonazepam (Klonopin), and Chlordiazepoxide (Librium). Usually ends with -am, except for Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) whic...

What is mental health? - Answer the foundation for emotions, thinking, communication, learning, resilience, and self-esteem What are the stats for those who experience mental health issues? - Answer -1 in 5 US adults experience some form of mental illness -1 in 12 has a diagnosable substance use disorder What is depression? - Answer -most common psychiatric disorder -depressed mood and loss of pleasure or interest in all or nearly all of one's usual activities What causes ...

A practitioner prescribes haloperidol 10 mg po BID for a client who is also receiving phenyton for control of epilepsy. When planning the clients care the nurse considers that anticonvulsants may interact with haloperidol to: 1.Make its therapeutic effect 2.Interfere with its absorption 3.Enhance its rate of metabolism 4.Potentiate its CNS depressant effect - Answer Potentiate its CNS depressant effect A client with type 1 DM is found to have psychosis and is to receive haloperidol. ...

A nurse is caring for a client who has been taking risperidone and reports experiencing muscle spasms in their neck and difficulty opening their mouth. Which of the following medications should to nurse anticipate the provider to prescribe for this client? - Answer diphenhydramine A nurse is educating a newly licensed nurse about manifestations of alcohol withdrawal. Which of the following statements by the newly licensed nurse indicates an understanding of the teaching? - Answer "An...

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acetylcholine (ACh) - Answer a neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction norepinephrine - Answer a neurotransmitter responsible for attentiveness, emotions, sleeping, dreaming, and learning; also causes vasoconstriction and heart rate to increase epinephrine - Answer a neurotransmitter that regulates attention, mental focus, arousal, and cognition dopamine - Answer an inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates motor behavior, pleasure, and emotional arousal gamma-...

parasympathethic nervous system - Answer decrease heart rate, nonvascular smooth muscle contracts (increase mobility of digestive muscles, increased bladder motility) sphincters relax eye ciliary muscles contract increase in exocrine gland secretion Sympathetic nervous system - Answer Fight or flight increase in HR increase in contractility dilates pupil dilates bronchioles constrict blood vessels inhibits digestion increase in renin and ejaculation How to increase parasy...

Epinephrine - Answer Vasoconstrictor in local anesthetics Pilocarpine (Salagen) - Answer treatment of xerostomia Pseudoephedrine - Answer OTC cold and allergy medication Pilocarpine (IsoptoCarpine) - Answer Treatment of glaucoma Propranolol - Answer Blocks action of β receptors in SANS Succinylcholine - Answer Used to facilitate intubation for general anesthetic Scopolamine - Answer Treatment of motion sickness Dopamine - Answer Used in treatment of ...