State University Of New York - Binghamton

Midterm Review N320 (Binghamton University - Decker College of Nursing and Health Sciences course Nurs 320) Questions With Complete Solutions

1. The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a ________. A) unicellular chytrid B) unicellular yeast C) multicellular algae D) multicellular fungus E) flagellated protist - Answer E) flagellated protist 1. What synapomorphy distinguishes animals as a monophyletic group, distinct from choanoflagellates? A) Sexual reproduction B) Heterotrophy C) Multicellularity D) No cell walls - Answer C) Multicellularity 1. The evolution of animal species has been prolific. Much ...

What are the key traits that define eukaryotes? - Answer - very diverse lineage - diverse morphology (uni- and multicellular, range in size) - diverse reproduction (asexually by mitosis, sexually by meiosis) - membrane-bound organelles & DNA (nucleus) - linear chromosomes How did the nuclear envelope evolve? - Answer Increased infoldings of prokaryotic plasma membranes led to the evolution of the nucleus and evolution by natural selection. What are the advantages of infoldings? -...

Cell Theory - Answer All organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from pre-existing cells. Conclusion: If you trace a cell's lineage back far enough, you will discover that all cells are descended from a common ancestral cell Evolution - Answer The heritable change in a population over time or a change in gene frequency in a population over a number of generations Proximate process - Answer what happens in short term, measured in fractions of lifetimes Ultimate pr...

Contrivance - Answer an adaptation that is a result of the modification of a previous ancestor Adaptation - Answer A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce Exaptation - Answer evolutionary adaptation of an existing structure for a completely new purpose Vestigial Trait - Answer A trait inherited from a common ancestor but is no longer used dipliod cell - Answer cell that has 2 copies of each chromosome, one from egg, one from sperm (46) Hapliod - Answer ...

What is the branch of biology dealing with the processes, activities, and phenomena characteristic of life? - Answer physiology What are the common activities that must be carried out to sustain life? - Answer 1. Obtain materials with which to construct the body. 2. Obtain energy for construction, maintenance, and reproduction. 3. Exchange gases, principally carbon dioxide and oxygen, with the environment. 4. Regulate body composition by eliminating excess or undesirable mat...

Milstein's group in 1972 used a cell free mRNA synthesis that showed when RER is added to the in vitro the protein is 20+ amino acids shorter than the mixture without RER. This was critical to the discovery of: hondrial targeting sequences b. signal peptidases/signal sequences c.SRP/SRP receptor d. Role of GTP/GDP in the RER protein synthesis e. Importance of trans-membrane potential across RER membrane and the role in protein synthesis - Answer Signal peptidases/ signal sequences ...

Microtubules - Answer Involved in mitosis and in non-dividing cell often radiate out from a MTOC (microtubule organizing center) How much of proteins do actin filaments make up - Answer 10% in muscle cells, 1-5% in normal cells, most abundant protein in muscle cells Molecular weight of actin filaments - Answer 42000 - G-actin (globular) How many actin genes are there - Answer 6 in humans that each encode an isoform Alpha actin - Answer Associated with contractile struc...

Lysosomes and proteasomes - Answer -Both degrade molecules, especially proteins Christian de Duve - Answer -Won Nobel Prize for discovering lysosomes -1955 -First to use a centrifuge to purify organelles -Created pellets (intact vs injured) -Intact showed respiratory activity due to mitochondria, injured showed hydrolytic activity due to lysosomes Lysosomes - Answer -Contain hydrolytic enzymes -Cleave to degrade most normal molecules/proteins -Enzymes not typical. Optimum p...

Dark Specimen, bright viewing field requires staining Pathologist, histologist, cytochemistry Iden - Answer 1. Bright field microscopy/compound light microscopy isolate the tissue or organ, choose a fixative that cross-links protein (formaldehyde), remove water and the fixative, replacing it with ethanol, replace ethanol with xylene, replace with molten paraffin and let solidify, cut 10–15-micron sections, remove the wax by doing the above steps in reverse, and stain with dye - Answer...