MEDICINE 111 (PHYSIOLOGY)

Immunization is the means of providing specific protection against most common and damaging pathogens. • The mechanism of immunity depends on the location of the pathogen and the mechanism of its pathogenesis. • If the mechanism of pathogenesis involves exotoxins, the only immune mechanism effective against it would be neutralizing antibodies that would prevent its binding to the appropriate receptor, while promoting its clearance and degradation by phagocytes. • Alternatively, if...

Thyroid Hormones 6-Nov-21 Thyroid Hormones 1 INTRODUCTION: The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland in the neck consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus. It is a large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism. The thyroid gland is found at the front of the neck below the Adam`s apple. Thyroid gland anatomy: • The Thyroid Gland is located in the anterior neck, spanning between the C5 and T1 vertebr...

Hypothalamic Hormones Overview • General Anatomy • Hormones produced • Actions of hormones • Regulation of hormone secretion • Abnormalities of secretion General Anatomy • The hypothalamus is named so because it lies under the thalamus(‘hypo’ means ‘under’) • It is found in the diencephalon. • It is located inferior to the thalamus, posterior to the optic chiasm and bordered on the sides by the temporal lobes and optic tracts. • It is almond shaped an...

Sensory Physiology Introduction • The survival of any organism depends on having adequate information about the external environment, where food is to be found and where hazards abound. • Also important for maintaining the function of a complex organism is information about the state of numerous internal bodily processes and functions. Introduction • Events in the external and internal environment must first be translated into signals that the nervous systems can proc...

RECEPTORS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, PHAGOCYTIC CELLS, AND TOLERANCE  Receptors of the innate immune system mediate a number of different functions.  Many are phagocytic receptors that stimulate ingestion of the pathogens they recognize.  Some are chemotactic receptors, such as the f-Met-Leu-Phe receptor, which binds the N-formylated peptides produced by bacteria, and guides neutrophils to sites of infection.  A third function is to induce effector molecules, that cont...

Principles of Immunology INTRODUCTION • The immune system serves as a means to resist infection. • It is comprised of two major sub-divisions; The innate and adaptive/acquired immune systems. • Its main function is to discriminate between self and nonself, thus protecting against invading organisms and to eliminate modified or altered cells. • There are both cellular and Humoral aspects to both adaptive/acquired/specific and innate immune responses. • All the cells invo...

Posterior Pituitary Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin November 6, 2021 posterior pituitary 1 Posterior Pituitary • Called neurohypophysis – Composed glial cells (pituicytes) – They are the supporting cells for • Nerve terminals that originate in the supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei • Nerve endings lie on the capillaries – Release vasopressin & oxytocin November 6, 2021 posterior pituitary 2 Hormones of Posterior Pituitary • The hormones of the posterior pitu...