University of Santo Tomas

Chapter key points: Muscle fibers are organized into fasciculi, and fasciculi are organized into muscles by associated connective tissue. Each skeletal muscle fiber is a single cell containing numerous myofibrils. Myofibrils are composed of actin and myosin myofilaments. Sarcomeres are joined end-to-end to form myofibrils. Cell membranes have a negative charge on the inside relative to a positive charge outside. This is called the resting membrane potential. Action potentials a...

This text discusses the skeletal system including its functions, structure, types of bones, and joints. Some key points: The skeletal system provides support, protects organs, allows movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells. The extracellular matrix of bone consists of collagen, proteoglycans, minerals and water. There are four categories of bone: long, short, flat, and irregular. Long bones have a shaft, ends, and growth plates. Bone tissue consists of osteoblasts, osteocytes,...

The text discusses the integumentary system, which consists of the skin, hair, glands, and nails. The skin performs several important functions, including protection, sensation, vitamin D production, temperature regulation, and excretion. The epidermis is the outer layer of skin and consists of stratified squamous epithelium divided into strata. The dermis is made of dense connective tissue and contains blood vessels, nerves, and skin appendages. Melanocytes in the dermis produce melanin that de...

This text discusses cell structure and function. Some key points: • Cells are the basic unit of life and consist of a nucleus, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane. The nucleus contains DNA which controls cell activity. The cytoplasm contains organelles that perform specific functions. • The plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Molecules can move across the membrane through passive diffusion, osmosis, or active carrier-mediated transport using protein channels and carri...

CHAPTER 6: Muscular System • Muscular Tissue o Contributes to homeostasis by producing body movements o Producing heat to maintain normal body temperature o Stabilize body position o Regulate organ volume o Propel fluids and food matter through various body systems • Introduction o Motion results from the alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles, which make up 40–50% of total adult body weight (depending on the percentage of body fat, gender, and exercise regimen). o Th...

This text discusses the structure and function of the human body. Some key points: • Anatomy is the study of body structure, while physiology focuses on function. The two are interrelated - structure determines function. • The human body is organized hierarchically from smallest to largest: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. • The body has 11 organ systems that work together to maintain life. These include the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, e...

The text discusses the urinary system and fluid balance in the human body. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and regulate fluid balance and electrolyte concentration. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus and tubules. Urine is formed through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the nephron. The kidneys also regulate acid-base balance, extracellular fluid compositi...

This text discusses the special senses of hearing, taste, sight, and smell. For hearing, the outer, middle, and inner ear structures are described. The outer ear collects sounds waves and directs them to the middle ear, which contains small bones that transmit vibrations to the inner ear. The inner ear contains fluids and structures that transform sound vibrations into neural signals. The cochlea transforms vibrations into signals that travel along the vestibulocochlear nerve. For taste...

This text discusses the structure and function of the urinary system, specifically the kidneys. The kidneys are located retroperitoneally between the T12 and L3 vertebrae. They contain an outer renal cortex and inner renal medulla. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood to form urine. Blood enters the glomerulus where glomerular filtration occurs, forming filtrate that contains water, solutes, and waste products. Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal c...

This text discusses the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. The key functions of the urinary system are eliminating waste products and regulating homeostasis through water balance, electrolyte regulation, and acid-base balance. The organs of the urinary system are the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter blood to form urine. The nephrons, which are the functional units of the kidneys, filter blood in the glomerulus and reabsorb water and nutrients in t...