Med surg

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This document provides a comprehensive overview of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), focusing on its pathophysiology, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment options. It explains the three main types of AKI: prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal, along with their causes such as dehydration, nephrotoxins, and urinary obstruction. The notes cover diagnostic tests like serum creatinine levels, urine output monitoring, and imaging studies. Treatment strategies, including flu...

This document provides a detailed overview of sickle cell anemia, focusing on its pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and management strategies. It explains the genetic basis of sickle cell disease, the sickling of red blood cells, and the resulting complications such as vaso-occlusive crises, pain, anemia, and organ damage. The notes cover diagnostic tools like hemoglobin electrophoresis, as well as treatment options including hydroxyurea, blood transfusions, and pain ...

This document provides a comprehensive overview of shock, detailing its different types (hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic, and neurogenic), pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and nursing interventions. It explains the mechanisms behind circulatory failure, decreased perfusion, and organ dysfunction in each type of shock. The notes cover essential diagnostic tools like blood pressure monitoring, lactate levels, and imaging, and emphasize nursing responsibi...

This document provides an in-depth review of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), focusing on its pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and treatment options. It explains the autoimmune nature of SLE, common symptoms such as the butterfly rash, joint pain, and lupus nephritis, and the diagnostic tests like ANA (Antinuclear Antibody) and other specific markers. The notes also cover pharmacologic management, including immunosuppressants, corticosteroids, and antimalarial dr...

This document provides a comprehensive overview of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), covering its pathophysiology, transmission, clinical stages, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. It explains the progression of HIV to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), emphasizing the importance of CD4 count and viral load in monitoring disease status. The notes include antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens, management of opportunistic infections, and patient education on medication adherence an...

This document provides an in-depth overview of Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP), focusing on its pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and nursing interventions. It explains the causes of elevated ICP, such as head trauma, brain tumors, and edema, and outlines key signs like altered consciousness, pupil changes, and Cushing's triad. The notes cover diagnostic tools such as CT scans and ICP monitoring, as well as interventions like positioning, mannitol administrat...

This document provides comprehensive class notes on leukemia, focusing on its pathophysiology, types (acute and chronic, myeloid and lymphocytic), clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment options. It covers important aspects like bone marrow biopsy, blood tests showing blasts, chemotherapy regimens, and stem cell transplants. Additionally, the notes address nursing management strategies, including infection prevention, pain management, emotional support, and monitoring for comp...

This document provides detailed class notes on polycythemia and lymphoma, highlighting their pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, treatment strategies, and nursing management. For polycythemia, it covers topics such as the types (primary and secondary), complications like thrombosis, and interventions like phlebotomy and medication. For lymphoma, it explores Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, including diagnostic markers like Reed-Sternberg cells, staging, and trea...

This document focuses on Hepatitis B (HBV), providing an in-depth review of its pathophysiology, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and nursing management. It includes key topics such as prevention strategies through vaccination, managing acute and chronic cases, patient education on lifestyle modifications, and complications like cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Designed for nursing students, it highlights evidence-based interventions and...