BIO 311C

This document contains the complete set of comprehensive assessment questions for the 2025 BIO 311C final exam, all paired with fully accurate answers. It covers foundational biology topics such as cell structure, biochemistry, genetics, molecular processes, metabolism, and evolutionary principles. The material is structured to support clear understanding and effective preparation for the full-scope BIO 311C final exam.

BIO 311C Exam 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED Where does glycolysis take place? Cytoplasm What are the inputs of glycolysis? Glucose, NAD+, ADP, Pi What are the outputs of glycolysis? Pyruvate, NADH, ATP Glycolysis step 1 hexokinase Glycolysis step 3 phosphofructokinase (PFK) Where does Acetyl CoA take place? Cytoplasm -> Matrix What are the inputs of Acetyl CoA? Pyruvate, CoA, NAD+ What are the outputs of Acetyl CoA? CO2, Acetyl CoA, NADH Acetyl CoA step 1 Pyruvate ...

BIO 311C FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED Two black guinea pigs were mated and they produced 14 black and 6 white offspring. Based on the results what are the genotypes of the parent pigs? A) Homozygous dominant B)Heterozygous dominant C) Homozygous recessive D) Heterozygous recessive E) Hemizygous dominant B)Heterozygous dominant almost 3/4 of offspring were black so this is the dominant trait and since white offspring occurred (~25%) we know that the parents must both h...

BIO 311C Week 10 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED Central Dogma The process to create a functional protein. DNA -->RNA-->Polypeptide Transcription-->RNA processing-->Translation Gene Expression 2 Steps 1) Transcription: info encoded in DNA is copied to mRNA in the nucleus. 2) Translation: A polypeptide is synthesized using info encoded in mRNA in the ribosome. Codons There are 64 codons. Codons are redundant, meaning several codons can code for the same amino acid.. ...

Bio 311C Final QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED A suspension of algae is incubated in a flask in the presence of both light and CO2. When it is transferred to the dark, the reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) is blocked, and the concentration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) declines. Why does the RuBP concentration decline? A) RuBP is synthesized from G3P. B) G3P is converted to glucose. C) RuBP is used to fix CO2. D) Both a and b E) Both a an...

Bio 311C Week 9 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED Essential Properties of a Molecule of Heredity - Sufficient variability to store information. - Able to make copies of information. - Information should be accessible for gene expression. T.H. Morton Discovered that chromosomes are made of DNA, proteins, and genes. 1928, Fredrick Griffith Discovered the there was a change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of foreign DNA. 1944, Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod Discovered tha...

BIO 311c Exam 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED How are starch and glycogen similar? 1. Both are largely insoluble in water 2. Both are composed of α-glucose subunits 3. Both are storage polysaccharides What are some characteristics of cellulose? 1. It forms long fibers that are strong and resistant to digestion by most animals 2. It is composed of β-glucose subunits 3. It is the main component of plant cell walls Which are common monosaccharides found in nature? 1. glucose (main...

BIO 311C Exam 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED Watson and Crick developed double helix model of DNA; antiparallel arrangement essential properties of a molecule of hereditary sufficient variability to store info, ability to make copies of info, info must be accessible for gene expression TH Morgan showed that genes are located on chromosomes two components of chromosomes proteins and DNA Frederick Griffith discovered transformation in bacteria; mixing the heat-killed remains of ...

Bio 311C MM 4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED What are optimal conditions for Rubisco to fix CO2 but not O2? an environment of moderate temperature and sunlight What is a major difference between fermentation and anaerobic respiration? Both begin with glycolysis, but anaerobic respiration continues with the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain, whereas fermentation continues with a simple oxidation of NADH. What is the flow of electrons in oxidation and reduction, respectively...

BIO 311C QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED Where does starch naturally occur? Plants (Vegetables and grains mainly) Where does chitin naturally occur? Insects, crustaceans, and cell walls of fungi Where does cellulose naturally occur? Plant cell walls Where does glycogen naturally occur? Animals and micro-organisms What are the four groups of biological molecules? Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids What functional group includes alcohols?

BIO 311C FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED Define monomers, polymers and macromolecules What reactions happen in condensation synthesis and hydrolysis? 1) condensation synthesis: MAKES polymers by releasing water molecules, condensation synthesis is important in anabolic processes (builds complex from simple) 2) hydrolysis BREAKS DOWN polymers into monomers by adding -H to one molecule and -OH to another (uses n-1 water molecules) while hydrolysis is important in catabolic proc...

BIO 311C PHOTOSYNTHESIS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED Write the full, balanced equation for photosynthesis Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Describe how energy is transformed and then transferred during the energy transduction reactions Describe the relative proportions of the primary reactants and products of the energy transduction reactions Explain how light energy relates to wavelength Identify regions of the chloroplast where energy transduction reactions take place Trace...

BIO 311C REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED How many water molecules are required in the anabolic synthesis of a triglyceride? 0; condensation PRODUCES water molecules Which of the following contain the alpha glucose monomer? lactose, sucrose, amylose Correct formula for a polysaccharide 10 units long? C60H102O51 What is the structural feature discovered by Watson, Crick, Franklin, and Wilkinson that provided the mechanism for DNA replication? complimentary pairing of the nitroge...

BIO 311C ICAS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED 1) Which of the following in an anabolic process that is endergonic and endothermic? A) ATP + H 2 O à ADP + Pi B) C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 à 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C) CO 2 + H 2 O à CH 2 O + O 2 D) FADH 2 à FAD + H 2 E) CH 4 + 2O 2 à CO 2 + 2H 2 O C) CO₂ + H₂O → CH₂O + O₂ This is an anabolic process (building complex molecules from simpler ones) that is also endergonic (requires an input of energy) and endothermic (absorbs heat). ...

BIO 311C -metabolism QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED What is meant by the term metabolism? Understand the components involved in a metabolic pathway. What is the advantage of using a multi-step pathway? Metabolism is the totality of the chemical reactions taking place in the body. It is an emergent property. It is a multistep pathway where each step requires a enzyme to catalyze it. These enzymes allow the next step to occur so metabolic supply and demand is maintained- there is...

BIO 311C QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED What are the two laws of inheritance? 1. Law of Segregation- Allele pairs segregate during gamete formation and the paired condition is restored by the random fusion of gametes at fertilization. Example: **Monohybrid Cross-(pPxpp) 3:1 ratio after crossing pure bred pea varieties with either spherical seeds or dented seeds. Found that 3/4th of the F2 progenies had spherical seeds and 1/4th had dented seeds. 2. Law of independent assortment- the ...

BIO 311C QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED ring structures contain what? hydroxyl group what are glycosidic linkages? covalent bonds formed between the two monosaccharides what are oligosaccharides used for? communication what are polysaccharides? sugar polymers (macromolecules) how is structure of polysaccharides determined? type of monomers/locations of bonds glycogen, starch, and cellulose all built from glycogen? true glycogen, starch, and cellulose can all provide energy for...

BIO 311C QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED Briefly explain why DNA replication is an exergonic process. When new nucleotides are added to a growing DNA strand, phosphate bands are broken and energy is released. What is the relationship between operons and transcription units? An operon is made up of a transcription unit and associated regulatory DNA sequences. When in a complex with ________, the CAP protein binds to the promoter of the lacoperon and __________ the expression of the lacope...

BIO 311C QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED Input of glycolysis 1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+, 4 adp+4p Output of glycolysis 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH+, 2 ADP +2P Input of pyruvate oxidation

BIO 311C QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A+ GRADED Biological hierarchy of organization atoms-amino acids- proteins- cells- muscle- trunk- elephant cell- nuclear membrane- DNA- phosphate and oxygen When water molecules evaporate to cool your body, which of the following bond/ interaction is broken h- bond Bond strength from highest to lowest disulfide bond between two cystitis ( covalent), ionic bonding between positive and negatively charged amino acids, hydrophobic interactions between leu...