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Hematology: Multiple Myeloma
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Radiographic Evidence
Radiographic Evidence
Lytic Lesions: Multiple myeloma often presents with lytic lesions, which are areas of bone destruction. On X-rays, these lesions appear as punched-out, well-defined radiolucent areas.
Pathological Fractures: Lytic lesions weaken the affected bones, increasing the risk of pathological fractures. X-rays can reveal fractures in the vertebrae, long bones, and other skeletal structures.
Russell Bodies
Russell Bodies
Russell bodies are eosinophilic, homogeneous, and round cytoplasmic inclusions found within plasma cells.
These bodies consist of immunoglobulins that have been retained within the endoplasmic reticulum of the plasma cell, often due to defects in the protein folding or secretion process.
Revised International Staging System (R-ISS)
Revised International Staging System (R-ISS)
The R-ISS uses serum beta-2 microglobulin (B2M), serum albumin, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and bone marrow FISH results to stratify patients into three risk groups:
Stage I – B2M <3.5 mg/L, serum albumin ≥3.5 g/dL, normal LDH, and no del(17p), t(4;14), or t(14;16) by FISH
Stage II – neither stage I nor stage III
Stage III – B2M ≥5.5 mg/L and elevated LDH - and/or - del(17p), t(4;14), or t(14;16) by FISH
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