NUR 339 Exam 2 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
Role of gastric secretions - Answers Protection of pyloric mucosa
Pyloric glands secretion - Answers Mucus and gastrin
Gastric mucosal barrier - Answers Tight junction in epithelial cell to prevent acid penetration,
covered with hydrophobic lipid layer
Substances crossing hydrophobic lipid layer - Answers Alcohol and aspirin
Pancreatic secretion aiding digestion - Answers Trypsin (breakdown dietary proteins),
pancreatic amylase (breaks down starch/lipases/triglycerides)
Gallbladder function in digestion - Answers Stores and concentrates bile (breaks down fats),
secretes bile through bile duct into duodenum (stimulated by entrance of food)
Bile's essential role - Answers Fat digestion and absorption (emulsifies)
Most common disorder of the esophagus - Answers GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
Cause of GERD - Answers Weak lower esophageal sphincter and increased intraabdominal
pressure
Manifestations of GERD - Answers Regurgitation (especially after meals), heartburn, pain or
burning in retrosternal area (may radiate to shoulder or back), wheezing, cough, hoarseness
Medications for GERD - Answers Antacids, H2 blocking agents, Proton pump inhibitors
Diagnosis of GERD - Answers Hx of symptoms, xrays and scopes
GERD patient teaching - Answers Avoid large meals, do not lie down after eating, avoid bending,
weight reduction, avoid aggravating foods, sleep with head elevated
Clinical manifestations of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) - Answers Burning, gnawing, cramplike
pain in epigastric area (can radiate to back or shoulder), pain relieved with foods or antacids
Complications of PUD - Answers Hemorrhage, perforation, hematemesis, melena (black tarry
stools - blood from upper GI tract)
Diagnostic tests for PUD - Answers Scopes and biopsy for H. pylori, barium, xrays, labs of
hematocrit and hemoglobin
Treatment for PUD - Answers Complete eradication of microorganisms (H. pylori), medications:
PPI/H2RA/bismuth preparation
Risk factors for gastric ulcers - Answers Stress, trauma, severe illness, NSAID ingestion, H.
pylori, older adults over 60, smoking, warfarin, corticosteroids, family hx, caffeine, blood type O
, (H. pylori attachment)
Most common type of ulcers with PUD - Answers Duodenal ulcers
Risk for duodenal ulcers - Answers NSAID ingestion, H. pylori, any age/gender, chronic in nature,
smoking
Causes of Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Answers Unknown r/t heredity, psychosocial stress, high
fat diet, irritating foods, smoking
Clinical manifestations of irritable bowel syndrome - Answers Vary; constipation, diarrhea,
recurrent abdominal pain relieved by defecation, bloating, cramping, altered bowel function
Duration for IBS diagnosis - Answers At least 12 weeks (abd pain relief w defecation, pain
associated with change in bowel function, and change of appearance in stool)
Medications for irritable bowel syndrome - Answers Antispasmodics and anticholinergics
Inflammatory bowel diseases - Answers Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
Common onset age for Crohn's disease - Answers Starts in 20-30s, in more women than men
Clinical manifestations of Crohn's disease - Answers Diarrhea, cramping in RLQ of abd, weight
loss, fluid/electrolyte imbalance, low grade fever, malaise, fistulas, strictures/obstruction,
abdominal abscesses
Ulcerative Colitis - Answers Diarrhea (blood and mucus), abdominal pain, anorexia, fatigue,
weakness, fever, high ESR, anemia, increased risk for colon cancer.
Treatment for Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Answers Anti-inflammatory meds, corticosteroids,
5 ASA - sulfasalazine, immunosuppressants, antibiotics, metronidazole (flagyl) - treat bacterial
overgrowth.
Diverticula - Answers Herniations of mucosa through the muscle layers of the colon wall,
especially the sigmoid colon.
Clinical Manifestations of Diverticulitis - Answers Pain in LLQ, tenderness, n/v, elevated white
count, fever.
Treatment of Diverticulitis - Answers Prevention, diet increase bulk, avoid nuts/seeds, liquid diet
or NPO antibiotics, surgery, Hartmann procedure.
Clinical Manifestations of Appendicitis - Answers Abrupt onset periumbilical pain, nausea/loss
of appetite, RLQ pain, rebound tenderness, elevated WBC.
Clinical Manifestations of Intestinal Obstruction - Answers Abdominal distention, loss of
fluid/electrolytes, pain, vomiting, absolute constipation.
Role of gastric secretions - Answers Protection of pyloric mucosa
Pyloric glands secretion - Answers Mucus and gastrin
Gastric mucosal barrier - Answers Tight junction in epithelial cell to prevent acid penetration,
covered with hydrophobic lipid layer
Substances crossing hydrophobic lipid layer - Answers Alcohol and aspirin
Pancreatic secretion aiding digestion - Answers Trypsin (breakdown dietary proteins),
pancreatic amylase (breaks down starch/lipases/triglycerides)
Gallbladder function in digestion - Answers Stores and concentrates bile (breaks down fats),
secretes bile through bile duct into duodenum (stimulated by entrance of food)
Bile's essential role - Answers Fat digestion and absorption (emulsifies)
Most common disorder of the esophagus - Answers GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
Cause of GERD - Answers Weak lower esophageal sphincter and increased intraabdominal
pressure
Manifestations of GERD - Answers Regurgitation (especially after meals), heartburn, pain or
burning in retrosternal area (may radiate to shoulder or back), wheezing, cough, hoarseness
Medications for GERD - Answers Antacids, H2 blocking agents, Proton pump inhibitors
Diagnosis of GERD - Answers Hx of symptoms, xrays and scopes
GERD patient teaching - Answers Avoid large meals, do not lie down after eating, avoid bending,
weight reduction, avoid aggravating foods, sleep with head elevated
Clinical manifestations of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) - Answers Burning, gnawing, cramplike
pain in epigastric area (can radiate to back or shoulder), pain relieved with foods or antacids
Complications of PUD - Answers Hemorrhage, perforation, hematemesis, melena (black tarry
stools - blood from upper GI tract)
Diagnostic tests for PUD - Answers Scopes and biopsy for H. pylori, barium, xrays, labs of
hematocrit and hemoglobin
Treatment for PUD - Answers Complete eradication of microorganisms (H. pylori), medications:
PPI/H2RA/bismuth preparation
Risk factors for gastric ulcers - Answers Stress, trauma, severe illness, NSAID ingestion, H.
pylori, older adults over 60, smoking, warfarin, corticosteroids, family hx, caffeine, blood type O
, (H. pylori attachment)
Most common type of ulcers with PUD - Answers Duodenal ulcers
Risk for duodenal ulcers - Answers NSAID ingestion, H. pylori, any age/gender, chronic in nature,
smoking
Causes of Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Answers Unknown r/t heredity, psychosocial stress, high
fat diet, irritating foods, smoking
Clinical manifestations of irritable bowel syndrome - Answers Vary; constipation, diarrhea,
recurrent abdominal pain relieved by defecation, bloating, cramping, altered bowel function
Duration for IBS diagnosis - Answers At least 12 weeks (abd pain relief w defecation, pain
associated with change in bowel function, and change of appearance in stool)
Medications for irritable bowel syndrome - Answers Antispasmodics and anticholinergics
Inflammatory bowel diseases - Answers Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
Common onset age for Crohn's disease - Answers Starts in 20-30s, in more women than men
Clinical manifestations of Crohn's disease - Answers Diarrhea, cramping in RLQ of abd, weight
loss, fluid/electrolyte imbalance, low grade fever, malaise, fistulas, strictures/obstruction,
abdominal abscesses
Ulcerative Colitis - Answers Diarrhea (blood and mucus), abdominal pain, anorexia, fatigue,
weakness, fever, high ESR, anemia, increased risk for colon cancer.
Treatment for Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Answers Anti-inflammatory meds, corticosteroids,
5 ASA - sulfasalazine, immunosuppressants, antibiotics, metronidazole (flagyl) - treat bacterial
overgrowth.
Diverticula - Answers Herniations of mucosa through the muscle layers of the colon wall,
especially the sigmoid colon.
Clinical Manifestations of Diverticulitis - Answers Pain in LLQ, tenderness, n/v, elevated white
count, fever.
Treatment of Diverticulitis - Answers Prevention, diet increase bulk, avoid nuts/seeds, liquid diet
or NPO antibiotics, surgery, Hartmann procedure.
Clinical Manifestations of Appendicitis - Answers Abrupt onset periumbilical pain, nausea/loss
of appetite, RLQ pain, rebound tenderness, elevated WBC.
Clinical Manifestations of Intestinal Obstruction - Answers Abdominal distention, loss of
fluid/electrolytes, pain, vomiting, absolute constipation.
