NURS 500 Exam 3 Review Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026

NURS 500 Exam 3 Review Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026 Acute Kidney Injury is ____ and causes accumulation of _____, _____ imbalance, and ______ disturbances - Answers abrupt, waste, fluid, electrolyte Kidneys produce hormones to control _____ and ____ function - Answers BP, RBC AKI has reduced: ____ and _____ - Answers renal perfusion, GFR Pre-renal AKI has decreased... - Answers blood flow Intrinsic AKI is from injury to ____ - Answers tissue Post-renal AKI is from... - Answers obstruction Prolonged ischemia leads to... - Answers intrinsic AKI injury What can cause pre-renal AKI? - Answers dehydration hemorrhage sepsis heart failure Reduced renal blood flow causes decreased _____ - Answers GFR What are examples of intrinsic AKI injury? - Answers ATN nephritis nephrotoxins What are causes of post-renal AKI? - Answers enlarged prostate tumors stones What are risk factors for AKI? - Answers DM HTN heart disease obesity lupus 60 age male African American Clinical manifestations of AKI include _____, elevated ____, fluid overload, hyper_____ and hypo____, and fatigue - Answers oliguria, BUN, kalemia, natremia What is the clinical progression of AKI? - Answers initiation, oliguric, diuretic, recovery Chronic kidney disease is GFR of ____mL for 3 months - Answers 60 Chronic kidney disease results from loss of _____ - Answers nephrons What are risk factors for chronic kidney disease? - Answers diabetes high blood pressure What are the 3 indicators of renal function? - Answers albuminuria GFR uremia What is azotemia? - Answers early accumulation of nitrogenous wastes _____ is a key indicator of GFR - Answers Creatine What are early clinical manifestations of azotemia? - Answers fatigue, weakness, nausea, apathy What are progressive clinical manifestations of azotemia? - Answers lethargy, confusion, vomiting Advanced clinical manifestations of azotemia: Impaired ____ _____ disturbances ______ imbalance neuropathy - Answers vitamin d activation electrolyte acid-base Salt wasting leads to impaired tubular absorption of _____ - Answers sodium What are clinical manifestations of impaired acid-base balance? - Answers fluid overload hyperkalemia hyponatremia metabolic acidosis hyperphosphatemia hypocalcemia Phosphate retention and low calcitriol lead to ____ - Answers hypocalcemia Low calcium triggers ____ release leading to ____ and calcium being taken from the bone - Answers PTH, hyperparathyroidism Chronic PTH elevation leads to... - Answers bone demineralization renal osteodystrophy Hematologic effects of CKD include... - Answers hemolysis bone marrow suppression coagulopathy What are cardiovascular clinical manifestations of CKD? - Answers tachycardia pallor dyspnea palpitations Cardiovascular alterations of CKD include increased _____ and ____, and decreased _____ - Answers vascular volume, RAAS vasodilator prostaglandins Heart disease in CKD develops from... - Answers ECF overload, anemia, shunts, hypertension Gastrointestinal alterations in CKD include high ____ and ____ - Answers ammonia, gastric acid Neuromuscular alterations in CKD include... - Answers peripheral neuropathy CKD impairs _____ response - Answers immune What are disorders of skin integrity in CKD? - Answers pallor xerosis pruritus skin breakdown uremic frost nail changes CKD impairs elimination of _____ - Answers drugs Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of ____ structures - Answers glomerular Cellular injury in Glomerulonephritis is ______ and causes dysregulated ____ - Answers proliferative, C3