1
BIOL 235 Final Exam Question Bank with
Accurate, In-Depth Answer Explanations
(Updated Edition)
1. About 8 days after fertilization the trophoblast: develops into a
synctiotophoblast and a cytotrophoblast - ANSWER
2. Aber 8 days after fertilization the embryoblast - ANSWER develops into a
hypoblast and epiblast
3. Yolk sac - ANSWER supplies nutrients to the embryo, source of blood cells,
contains the first cells that will eventually migrate into developing gonads
4. Chorion - ANSWER eventually becomes the principal embryonic part of the
placenta
5. Gastrulation - ANSWER involves the rearrangement and migration of cells
from the epiblast
6. Notochordal process develops from - ANSWER the primitive node and later
becomes the notochord
7. Neuralation - ANSWER process by which neural plate, neural folds, neural
tube form
8. Blood vessels in chorionic villi - ANSWER connect to the embryonic heart
via the umbilical arteries and the umbilical vein, which will eventually
become the umbilical cord
9. Intervillous spaces - ANSWER where fetal blood capillaries within the
chorionic villi protect into the lacunae, maternal blood bathes the chorionic
villi
10.Placenta is formed by - ANSWER chorionic villi of the embryo and the
decidua basalis of the endometrium of the mother
, 2
11.Functions of the kidneys - ANSWER regulation of blood ionic composition,
regulation of blood pH, regulation of blood volume, regulation of blood
pressure, maintenance of blood osmolarity, production of hormones,
regulation of blood glucose level, excretion of wastes and foreign substances
12.Osmolarity - ANSWER the measure of the total number of dissolved
particles per liter of solution
13.Kidneys are surrounded by - ANSWER renal capsule, adipose capsule, renal
fascia
14.Two main regions of the kidney - ANSWER superficial light red region
called the renal cortex and the deep, dark red region called the renal medulla
15.Path of urine drainage - ANSWER collecting duct, papillary duct, minor
calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder
16.Renal arteries deliver - ANSWER 20-25% of the resting cardiac output to
the kidneys
17.Nephron - ANSWER functional units of the kidneys
18.Fluid passes through the renal tubule - ANSWER proximal convoluted
tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
19.Macula densa - ANSWER columnar tubule cells in the renal tubule
20.Fluid passes through the renal tubule - ANSWER proximal convoluted
tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
21.Not part of a nephron - ANSWER collecting duct and papillary duct
22.Three basic functions performed by nephrons and collecting ducts -
ANSWER glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
23.Glomerular filtration - ANSWER first step of urine production, water and
most solutes in blood plasma move across the wall of the glomerular
capillaries, then into the renal tubule
, 3
24.Tubular reabsorption - ANSWER as filtered fluid flows through the renal
tubules and through the collecting ducts, tubule cells reabsorb about 99% of
the filtered water and many useful solutes
25.Tubular secretion - ANSWER renal tubules secrete other materials, such as
wastes, drugs, and excess ions into the fluid, removing a substance from the
blood
26.Glomerular filtration occurs - ANSWER in the renal corpuscle
27.Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion - ANSWER occur all along the
renal tubule and collecting duct
28.Rate of urinary excretion of any solute - ANSWER is equal to its rate of
glomerular filtration + rate of secretion - rate of reabsorption
29.Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - ANSWER carbonic anhydrase
30.carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - ANSWER the conversion of metabolically
produced C)2 and water into carbonic acid
31.The Central Dogma of molecular biology states that, in cells, biological
information _______.
A. Can be transmitted either from DNA to RNA or from RNA to DNA
B. Moves from DNA to RNA to protein
C. Moves from protein to RNA to DNA
D. Moves from DNA to RNA only if encoded by certain viruses
E. Moves from protein to RNA only if encoded by certain viruses -
ANSWER B
32.What is the exception to the Central Dogma rule? - ANSWER
RETROVIRUSES (process goes from RNA to DNA using reverse
transcriptase enzymes)
33.What do retroviruses have that allows them to go from RNA to DNA? -
ANSWER Reverse transcriptase enzymes
34.What category of transposable elements use an RNA copy of their genome
in the process of transposition?
A. Cut-and-paste transposons
B. Composite bacterial transposons
, 4
C. Bacterial insertion sequences
D. Retrotransposons
E. Multiple drug resistance plasmids - ANSWER D
35.Copy-and-paste transposons a.k.a. replicative transposition - ANSWER A
new copy of the transposable element is introduced at a new site while the
old copy remains behind at the original site (so the number of copies of the
transposable element increases)
36.Transposons a.k.a. transposable elements - ANSWER Sequences that can
move about in the genome and are often a cause of mutations
37.Are direct repeats part of a transposon? - ANSWER NO
38.Are inverted repeats part of a transposon? - ANSWER YES
39.Transposition - ANSWER The movement of a transposon
40.Cut-and-paste transposons a.k.a. nonreplicative transposition - ANSWER
Transposable element excises from the old site and inserts at a new site
WITHOUT any increase in the number of its copies
41.Retrotransposons - ANSWER Elements that transpose through an RNA
intermediate
42.Mutagenic compounds that fit and "get stuck" between nucleotides of DNA
molecules are called ________, whereas mutagenic compounds that cause
the covalent attachment of a methyl or an ethyl group to bases of DNA are
called ______.
A. De-aminating agents; reactive oxygen molecules
B. Oxidizing agents; glycosylases
C. Intercalating agents; alkylating agents
D. Hydrolases; base analogs
E. Catalytic converters; organic solvents - ANSWER C
43.Base analogs - ANSWER Chemicals with structures similar to that of any of
the four standard bases of DNA (DNA polymerase canNOT distinguish
these analogs from the standard bases)
BIOL 235 Final Exam Question Bank with
Accurate, In-Depth Answer Explanations
(Updated Edition)
1. About 8 days after fertilization the trophoblast: develops into a
synctiotophoblast and a cytotrophoblast - ANSWER
2. Aber 8 days after fertilization the embryoblast - ANSWER develops into a
hypoblast and epiblast
3. Yolk sac - ANSWER supplies nutrients to the embryo, source of blood cells,
contains the first cells that will eventually migrate into developing gonads
4. Chorion - ANSWER eventually becomes the principal embryonic part of the
placenta
5. Gastrulation - ANSWER involves the rearrangement and migration of cells
from the epiblast
6. Notochordal process develops from - ANSWER the primitive node and later
becomes the notochord
7. Neuralation - ANSWER process by which neural plate, neural folds, neural
tube form
8. Blood vessels in chorionic villi - ANSWER connect to the embryonic heart
via the umbilical arteries and the umbilical vein, which will eventually
become the umbilical cord
9. Intervillous spaces - ANSWER where fetal blood capillaries within the
chorionic villi protect into the lacunae, maternal blood bathes the chorionic
villi
10.Placenta is formed by - ANSWER chorionic villi of the embryo and the
decidua basalis of the endometrium of the mother
, 2
11.Functions of the kidneys - ANSWER regulation of blood ionic composition,
regulation of blood pH, regulation of blood volume, regulation of blood
pressure, maintenance of blood osmolarity, production of hormones,
regulation of blood glucose level, excretion of wastes and foreign substances
12.Osmolarity - ANSWER the measure of the total number of dissolved
particles per liter of solution
13.Kidneys are surrounded by - ANSWER renal capsule, adipose capsule, renal
fascia
14.Two main regions of the kidney - ANSWER superficial light red region
called the renal cortex and the deep, dark red region called the renal medulla
15.Path of urine drainage - ANSWER collecting duct, papillary duct, minor
calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder
16.Renal arteries deliver - ANSWER 20-25% of the resting cardiac output to
the kidneys
17.Nephron - ANSWER functional units of the kidneys
18.Fluid passes through the renal tubule - ANSWER proximal convoluted
tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
19.Macula densa - ANSWER columnar tubule cells in the renal tubule
20.Fluid passes through the renal tubule - ANSWER proximal convoluted
tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
21.Not part of a nephron - ANSWER collecting duct and papillary duct
22.Three basic functions performed by nephrons and collecting ducts -
ANSWER glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
23.Glomerular filtration - ANSWER first step of urine production, water and
most solutes in blood plasma move across the wall of the glomerular
capillaries, then into the renal tubule
, 3
24.Tubular reabsorption - ANSWER as filtered fluid flows through the renal
tubules and through the collecting ducts, tubule cells reabsorb about 99% of
the filtered water and many useful solutes
25.Tubular secretion - ANSWER renal tubules secrete other materials, such as
wastes, drugs, and excess ions into the fluid, removing a substance from the
blood
26.Glomerular filtration occurs - ANSWER in the renal corpuscle
27.Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion - ANSWER occur all along the
renal tubule and collecting duct
28.Rate of urinary excretion of any solute - ANSWER is equal to its rate of
glomerular filtration + rate of secretion - rate of reabsorption
29.Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - ANSWER carbonic anhydrase
30.carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - ANSWER the conversion of metabolically
produced C)2 and water into carbonic acid
31.The Central Dogma of molecular biology states that, in cells, biological
information _______.
A. Can be transmitted either from DNA to RNA or from RNA to DNA
B. Moves from DNA to RNA to protein
C. Moves from protein to RNA to DNA
D. Moves from DNA to RNA only if encoded by certain viruses
E. Moves from protein to RNA only if encoded by certain viruses -
ANSWER B
32.What is the exception to the Central Dogma rule? - ANSWER
RETROVIRUSES (process goes from RNA to DNA using reverse
transcriptase enzymes)
33.What do retroviruses have that allows them to go from RNA to DNA? -
ANSWER Reverse transcriptase enzymes
34.What category of transposable elements use an RNA copy of their genome
in the process of transposition?
A. Cut-and-paste transposons
B. Composite bacterial transposons
, 4
C. Bacterial insertion sequences
D. Retrotransposons
E. Multiple drug resistance plasmids - ANSWER D
35.Copy-and-paste transposons a.k.a. replicative transposition - ANSWER A
new copy of the transposable element is introduced at a new site while the
old copy remains behind at the original site (so the number of copies of the
transposable element increases)
36.Transposons a.k.a. transposable elements - ANSWER Sequences that can
move about in the genome and are often a cause of mutations
37.Are direct repeats part of a transposon? - ANSWER NO
38.Are inverted repeats part of a transposon? - ANSWER YES
39.Transposition - ANSWER The movement of a transposon
40.Cut-and-paste transposons a.k.a. nonreplicative transposition - ANSWER
Transposable element excises from the old site and inserts at a new site
WITHOUT any increase in the number of its copies
41.Retrotransposons - ANSWER Elements that transpose through an RNA
intermediate
42.Mutagenic compounds that fit and "get stuck" between nucleotides of DNA
molecules are called ________, whereas mutagenic compounds that cause
the covalent attachment of a methyl or an ethyl group to bases of DNA are
called ______.
A. De-aminating agents; reactive oxygen molecules
B. Oxidizing agents; glycosylases
C. Intercalating agents; alkylating agents
D. Hydrolases; base analogs
E. Catalytic converters; organic solvents - ANSWER C
43.Base analogs - ANSWER Chemicals with structures similar to that of any of
the four standard bases of DNA (DNA polymerase canNOT distinguish
these analogs from the standard bases)
