BIOL251 / BIOL 251 Module & Lab 1, 2,
3, 4, 5 & 6 with specified answers and
correct answers for all content in the
version and assured grade of (A+)/ lately
updated version
Beneficial roles of microbes
Recycling vital elements, sewage treatment, bioremediation, insect control,
biotechnology, food production
Microbiome (normal micobiota)
Live in your body, normally harmless (aid digestion, fight pathogens, produce vitamins,
can be harmful)
Pathogen
Disease- producing organism
Invade host and carry out at least part of life cycle
Biofilms
Complex aggregation of many microbes, can be beneficial but also disadvantages (clog
catheters, endocarditis, cavities), often resistant to antibiotics and sanitizers
Robert Hooke
Cell theory- all living things are made of cells
Anton von Leeuwenhoek (1674)
More powerful microscope, "animacules", first observation of living microbes
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
life can arise spontaneously from non-living matter (growth)
John Needham- boiled broth and poured into a container and growth
Lazzaro Spallanzani- broth boiled in sealed flask, no growth
theory of biogenesis
Living cells arise only from preexisting cells. (No growth)
RudolfVirchow- theory proposed but no proof
Louis Pasteur- boiled brother in open and closed flask, growth occurred only in
uncovered flasks. Broth poured into flask, neck of flask bent into s-shape, broth was
boiled, no growth
, Golden age
Fermentation by microbes produces alcohol and pasteurization kills most bacteria using
heat
Germ Theory of Disease- Robert Koch
Microorganisms can cause disease
Applied to medical procedures- Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister
First synthetic drugs
Problems with antibiotics
toxicity to host, development of antimicrobial resistance, long time between discovery
and clinical use
Molecular biology
DNA and proteins
Microbial genetics
Mechanisms of genetic inheritance
Recombinant DNA technology
Inserting recombinant dna into microbes allows for quick production of large amounts of
a particular enzyme product
Gene therapy
Insertion or replacement of missing or damaged gene in an organism, viruses are used
to carry the new dna, medical and agriculture uses
Taxonomy
The science of classification of biological organisms
Phylogeny
Study of the evolutionary history of organisms
Taxon
Category used to classify organisms based on their relatedness
Hierarchy
Taxa that reflects the evolutionary or phylogenetic relationships between organisms
Three domain systems
Domain bacteria, archaea, eukarya
Prokaryotes
Bacteria and archaea
Bacteria
unicellular and prokaryotic
3, 4, 5 & 6 with specified answers and
correct answers for all content in the
version and assured grade of (A+)/ lately
updated version
Beneficial roles of microbes
Recycling vital elements, sewage treatment, bioremediation, insect control,
biotechnology, food production
Microbiome (normal micobiota)
Live in your body, normally harmless (aid digestion, fight pathogens, produce vitamins,
can be harmful)
Pathogen
Disease- producing organism
Invade host and carry out at least part of life cycle
Biofilms
Complex aggregation of many microbes, can be beneficial but also disadvantages (clog
catheters, endocarditis, cavities), often resistant to antibiotics and sanitizers
Robert Hooke
Cell theory- all living things are made of cells
Anton von Leeuwenhoek (1674)
More powerful microscope, "animacules", first observation of living microbes
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
life can arise spontaneously from non-living matter (growth)
John Needham- boiled broth and poured into a container and growth
Lazzaro Spallanzani- broth boiled in sealed flask, no growth
theory of biogenesis
Living cells arise only from preexisting cells. (No growth)
RudolfVirchow- theory proposed but no proof
Louis Pasteur- boiled brother in open and closed flask, growth occurred only in
uncovered flasks. Broth poured into flask, neck of flask bent into s-shape, broth was
boiled, no growth
, Golden age
Fermentation by microbes produces alcohol and pasteurization kills most bacteria using
heat
Germ Theory of Disease- Robert Koch
Microorganisms can cause disease
Applied to medical procedures- Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister
First synthetic drugs
Problems with antibiotics
toxicity to host, development of antimicrobial resistance, long time between discovery
and clinical use
Molecular biology
DNA and proteins
Microbial genetics
Mechanisms of genetic inheritance
Recombinant DNA technology
Inserting recombinant dna into microbes allows for quick production of large amounts of
a particular enzyme product
Gene therapy
Insertion or replacement of missing or damaged gene in an organism, viruses are used
to carry the new dna, medical and agriculture uses
Taxonomy
The science of classification of biological organisms
Phylogeny
Study of the evolutionary history of organisms
Taxon
Category used to classify organisms based on their relatedness
Hierarchy
Taxa that reflects the evolutionary or phylogenetic relationships between organisms
Three domain systems
Domain bacteria, archaea, eukarya
Prokaryotes
Bacteria and archaea
Bacteria
unicellular and prokaryotic
