HESI - Fundamentals practice Exam
Questions with Correct
Answers||100% Guaranteed Pass||A+
GRADED||UPDATED 2025/2026
SYLLABUS||<NEWEST VERSION>
Sinus bradycardia is a dysrhythmia that proceeds normally through the conduction
pathway but at a slower than usual (≤60 beats/minute) rate. Sinus bradycardia is a
slower than usual (≤60 beats/minute) heart rate. - ANSWER ✓ A 66-year-old
female client is having cardiac diagnostic tests to determine the cause of her
symptoms. In her follow-up visit to the cardiologist, she is told that she has a
dysrhythmia at a rate slower than 60 beats/minute. What type of dysrhythmia did
the tests reveal?
The P wave depicts atrial depolarization, or spread of the electrical impulse from
the sinoatrial node through the atria. - ANSWER ✓ P Wave
The PR interval represents spread of the impulse through the interatrial and
internodal fibers, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. -
ANSWER ✓ PR Interval
The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization. - ANSWER ✓ QRS
Complex
The T wave depicts the relative refractory period, representing ventricular
repolarization - ANSWER ✓ T Wave
The duration of regular insulin is 4 to 6 hours; 3 to 5 hours is the duration for
rapid-acting insulin such as Novolog. The duration of NPH insulin is 12 to 16
hours. The duration of Lantus insulin is 24 hours
Humalog is a rapid-acting insulin. NPH is an intermediate-acting insulin. A short-
acting insulin is Humulin-R. An example of a long-acting insulin is Glargine
(Lantus) - ANSWER ✓ Duration of Insulin is:
, Once digested, 100% of carbohydrates are converted to glucose. However,
approximately 40% of protein foods are also converted to glucose, but this has
minimal effect on blood glucose levels - ANSWER ✓ Once digested, what
percentage of carbohydrates is converted to glucose
Immediate bystander CPR
Explanation:
The treatment of choice for v-fib is immediate bystander cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR), defibrillation as soon as possible, and activation of emergency
services - ANSWER ✓ Which of the following is the treatment of choice for
ventricular fibrillation
used to treat ventricular fibrillation and unstable ventricular tachycardia -
ANSWER ✓ Amiodarone
used to treat ventricular ectopy, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation
- ANSWER ✓ Lidocaine
used to treat symptomatic bradycardia - ANSWER ✓ atropine
Desmopressin
Why? - ANSWER ✓ The nurse is caring for a client with diabetes insipidus. The
nurse should anticipate the administration of:
Serum Potassium - ANSWER ✓ After being sick for 3 days, a client with a history
of diabetes mellitus is admitted to the hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
The nurse should evaluate which diagnostic test results to prevent arrhythmias?
Hypoglycemia - ANSWER ✓ Glucagon is used primarily to treat a patient with
Early morning hyperglycemia resulting from increased growth hormone
circulation - ANSWER ✓ dawn phenomenon
"It shows the time needed for the SA node impulse to depolarize the atria and
travel through the AV node."
Explanation:
,The PR interval is measured from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of
the QRS complex and represents the time needed for sinus node stimulation, atrial
depolarization, and conduction through the AV node before ventricular
depolarization. In a normal heart the impulses do not travel backward. The PR
interval does not include the time it take to travel through the Purkinje fibers -
ANSWER ✓ P-R interval
Ketones accumulate in the blood and urine when fat breaks down. Ketones signal
a deficiency of insulin that will cause the body to start to break down stored fat for
energy.
Explanation:
Ketones (or ketone bodies) are byproducts of fat breakdown, and they accumulate
in the blood and urine. Ketones in the urine signal a deficiency of insulin and
control of type 1 diabetes is deteriorating. When almost no effective insulin is
available, the body starts to break down stored fat for energy - ANSWER ✓ A
nurse is teaching a patient recovering from diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) about
management of "sick days." The patient asks the nurse why it is important to
monitor the urine for ketones. Which of the following statements is the nurse's best
response?
subset of type 2 due to hormone release from placenta resist insulin
2nd & 3rd Trimester, give glucose challenge, dx if over 126 - ANSWER ✓
Gestational Diabetes
TX: insulin, meal spacing - ANSWER ✓ Type I
Treat: Sulfonurea (Increase insulin) + biguanide (incr. isnulin sensitivity), diet &
exercise - ANSWER ✓ Type 2
Disease in blood vessels, in SMALLER (eyes, diabetic retinapothy) - ANSWER ✓
Microangiopathy
Larger vessel damage - ANSWER ✓ Macroangiopathy
clots build up, accelorates athro sclerosis, which can lead to myocardial infarction
- ANSWER ✓ Macrovascualr Angiopathy
, blood seeps & protein leaks out, leads to blindness (diabetic retinapothy) -
ANSWER ✓ Microvascualr Angiopathy
Impaired glucose tolerance 140-199
impaired fasting glucose 110-126
screen at 40 is FHx present
encourage weightloss - ANSWER ✓ pre-diabetes
Central Obesity, in a prothrombotic state (prone to clots), proinflammatory state,
dyslipidemia, elevated BP 135/85
These people WILL get heart disease & diabetes - ANSWER ✓ Metabolic
Syndrome
Symptoms + BG >=200ml/dl at any time w/o regard to meal
2hr post-load glucose >200 (oral gluc test)
fasting >126 - ANSWER ✓ Diagnostic Criteria
Onset: 10-15 m
Duration:2-4 hours
Peak:1 hours
Lispro (Humalog), Aspart, Apidra
Give with breakfast - ANSWER ✓ Rapid Acting
Regular(Humalin), Semilente
Onset: 1-1.5 hr
Duration: 4-6 hours
Peak: 2-3 hours - ANSWER ✓ Short Acting
Lente, NPH
Onset: 2-4 hrs
Duration: 16-20 hours
Peak: 4-12 hours - ANSWER ✓ Intermediate
Ultra Lente, Glargine (LANTUS)
Onset: 1 hr
Duration: 24 hrs
Questions with Correct
Answers||100% Guaranteed Pass||A+
GRADED||UPDATED 2025/2026
SYLLABUS||<NEWEST VERSION>
Sinus bradycardia is a dysrhythmia that proceeds normally through the conduction
pathway but at a slower than usual (≤60 beats/minute) rate. Sinus bradycardia is a
slower than usual (≤60 beats/minute) heart rate. - ANSWER ✓ A 66-year-old
female client is having cardiac diagnostic tests to determine the cause of her
symptoms. In her follow-up visit to the cardiologist, she is told that she has a
dysrhythmia at a rate slower than 60 beats/minute. What type of dysrhythmia did
the tests reveal?
The P wave depicts atrial depolarization, or spread of the electrical impulse from
the sinoatrial node through the atria. - ANSWER ✓ P Wave
The PR interval represents spread of the impulse through the interatrial and
internodal fibers, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. -
ANSWER ✓ PR Interval
The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization. - ANSWER ✓ QRS
Complex
The T wave depicts the relative refractory period, representing ventricular
repolarization - ANSWER ✓ T Wave
The duration of regular insulin is 4 to 6 hours; 3 to 5 hours is the duration for
rapid-acting insulin such as Novolog. The duration of NPH insulin is 12 to 16
hours. The duration of Lantus insulin is 24 hours
Humalog is a rapid-acting insulin. NPH is an intermediate-acting insulin. A short-
acting insulin is Humulin-R. An example of a long-acting insulin is Glargine
(Lantus) - ANSWER ✓ Duration of Insulin is:
, Once digested, 100% of carbohydrates are converted to glucose. However,
approximately 40% of protein foods are also converted to glucose, but this has
minimal effect on blood glucose levels - ANSWER ✓ Once digested, what
percentage of carbohydrates is converted to glucose
Immediate bystander CPR
Explanation:
The treatment of choice for v-fib is immediate bystander cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR), defibrillation as soon as possible, and activation of emergency
services - ANSWER ✓ Which of the following is the treatment of choice for
ventricular fibrillation
used to treat ventricular fibrillation and unstable ventricular tachycardia -
ANSWER ✓ Amiodarone
used to treat ventricular ectopy, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation
- ANSWER ✓ Lidocaine
used to treat symptomatic bradycardia - ANSWER ✓ atropine
Desmopressin
Why? - ANSWER ✓ The nurse is caring for a client with diabetes insipidus. The
nurse should anticipate the administration of:
Serum Potassium - ANSWER ✓ After being sick for 3 days, a client with a history
of diabetes mellitus is admitted to the hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
The nurse should evaluate which diagnostic test results to prevent arrhythmias?
Hypoglycemia - ANSWER ✓ Glucagon is used primarily to treat a patient with
Early morning hyperglycemia resulting from increased growth hormone
circulation - ANSWER ✓ dawn phenomenon
"It shows the time needed for the SA node impulse to depolarize the atria and
travel through the AV node."
Explanation:
,The PR interval is measured from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of
the QRS complex and represents the time needed for sinus node stimulation, atrial
depolarization, and conduction through the AV node before ventricular
depolarization. In a normal heart the impulses do not travel backward. The PR
interval does not include the time it take to travel through the Purkinje fibers -
ANSWER ✓ P-R interval
Ketones accumulate in the blood and urine when fat breaks down. Ketones signal
a deficiency of insulin that will cause the body to start to break down stored fat for
energy.
Explanation:
Ketones (or ketone bodies) are byproducts of fat breakdown, and they accumulate
in the blood and urine. Ketones in the urine signal a deficiency of insulin and
control of type 1 diabetes is deteriorating. When almost no effective insulin is
available, the body starts to break down stored fat for energy - ANSWER ✓ A
nurse is teaching a patient recovering from diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) about
management of "sick days." The patient asks the nurse why it is important to
monitor the urine for ketones. Which of the following statements is the nurse's best
response?
subset of type 2 due to hormone release from placenta resist insulin
2nd & 3rd Trimester, give glucose challenge, dx if over 126 - ANSWER ✓
Gestational Diabetes
TX: insulin, meal spacing - ANSWER ✓ Type I
Treat: Sulfonurea (Increase insulin) + biguanide (incr. isnulin sensitivity), diet &
exercise - ANSWER ✓ Type 2
Disease in blood vessels, in SMALLER (eyes, diabetic retinapothy) - ANSWER ✓
Microangiopathy
Larger vessel damage - ANSWER ✓ Macroangiopathy
clots build up, accelorates athro sclerosis, which can lead to myocardial infarction
- ANSWER ✓ Macrovascualr Angiopathy
, blood seeps & protein leaks out, leads to blindness (diabetic retinapothy) -
ANSWER ✓ Microvascualr Angiopathy
Impaired glucose tolerance 140-199
impaired fasting glucose 110-126
screen at 40 is FHx present
encourage weightloss - ANSWER ✓ pre-diabetes
Central Obesity, in a prothrombotic state (prone to clots), proinflammatory state,
dyslipidemia, elevated BP 135/85
These people WILL get heart disease & diabetes - ANSWER ✓ Metabolic
Syndrome
Symptoms + BG >=200ml/dl at any time w/o regard to meal
2hr post-load glucose >200 (oral gluc test)
fasting >126 - ANSWER ✓ Diagnostic Criteria
Onset: 10-15 m
Duration:2-4 hours
Peak:1 hours
Lispro (Humalog), Aspart, Apidra
Give with breakfast - ANSWER ✓ Rapid Acting
Regular(Humalin), Semilente
Onset: 1-1.5 hr
Duration: 4-6 hours
Peak: 2-3 hours - ANSWER ✓ Short Acting
Lente, NPH
Onset: 2-4 hrs
Duration: 16-20 hours
Peak: 4-12 hours - ANSWER ✓ Intermediate
Ultra Lente, Glargine (LANTUS)
Onset: 1 hr
Duration: 24 hrs
