BIOL 101 Adult Health Renal & Urinary.QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 2025. RATED A+
Kidneys - answer-Filter blood and remove waste products, converting filtrate into
urine.
Ureters - answer-Transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder.
Bladder - answer-Expandable muscular sac that stores as much as 1 L of urine.
Urethra - answer-Eliminates urine from the body.
Elimination of metabolic wastes - answer-A process that occurs as filtrate is
converted to urine.
Regulation of ion levels - answer-Maintains levels of ions such as Na+, K+, and
Ca2+.
Regulation of acid-base balance - answer-Alters levels of H+ and HCO3.
Regulation of blood pressure - answer-A function of the urinary system.
,Interlobar Arteries - answer-Arteries that branch from segmental arteries and
travel through renal columns.
Arcuate Arteries - answer-Arteries that branch from interlobar arteries at the
corticomedullary junction.
Interlobular Arteries - answer-Arteries that branch from arcuate arteries and
project peripherally into the cortex.
Afferent Arterioles - answer-Arterioles that enter the renal corpuscle and form
the glomerulus.
Efferent Arterioles - answer-Arterioles that carry blood exiting from the
glomerulus.
Peritubular Capillaries - answer-Capillaries that intertwine around the proximal
and distal convoluted tubules.
Vasa Recta - answer-Capillaries that branch from the efferent arterioles and are
associated with the nephron.
Glomerular capillaries - answer-First capillary bed where blood is filtered.
Interlobular veins - answer-Smallest veins that travel alongside interlobular
arteries.
,10 mm Hg - answer-The calculated net filtration pressure (NFP) resulting from the
pressures in the glomerulus.
Effects of decreased blood pressure below 80 mm Hg - answer-Arterioles at
maximum dilation, decrease in glomerular blood pressure and GFR, and if
extremely low, cessation of waste elimination in urine.
Effects of increased blood pressure above 180 mm Hg - answer-Arterioles at
maximum constriction, increase in glomerular blood pressure and GFR, leading to
increased urine formation.
Neural and hormonal control - answer-Involves physiologic processes to change
GFR, in contrast to renal autoregulation which attempts to maintain GFR.
Decreasing GFR through sympathetic stimulation - answer-Results in decrease in
GFR through vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent arterioles, granular cells of
JG apparatus release renin, which results in angiotensin II production and
contraction of mesangial cells.
Contraction of mesangial cells - answer-Decreases surface area of glomerulus,
decreasing GFR.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - answer-Peptide hormone released from cardiac
muscle cells in response to stretch of atria in heart.
, Increasing GFR through ANP - answer-Increases GFR through relaxation of
afferent arteriole, inhibits release of renin, ultimately causing relaxation of
mesangial cells.
Relaxation of mesangial cells - answer-Increases filtration membrane surface
area, increasing GFR.
Net increase in GFR - answer-With increased urine volume decreases blood
volume and blood pressure.
Normal filtration across the glomerular membrane - answer-Certain substances
are normally filtered across the glomerular membrane while others are not.
Effect of diseases on filtration membrane - answer-Certain diseases, kidney
trauma, heavy metals, and some bacterial toxins can damage the filtration
membrane, affecting its relative permeability and the substances that are filtered.
NFP - answer-Net Filtration Pressure
HPg - answer-Hydrostatic Pressure in the Glomerulus
MAP - answer-Mean Arterial Pressure
Transport Barrier - answer-Simple epithelium of tubule wall that regulates
transport.
AND ANSWERS 2025. RATED A+
Kidneys - answer-Filter blood and remove waste products, converting filtrate into
urine.
Ureters - answer-Transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder.
Bladder - answer-Expandable muscular sac that stores as much as 1 L of urine.
Urethra - answer-Eliminates urine from the body.
Elimination of metabolic wastes - answer-A process that occurs as filtrate is
converted to urine.
Regulation of ion levels - answer-Maintains levels of ions such as Na+, K+, and
Ca2+.
Regulation of acid-base balance - answer-Alters levels of H+ and HCO3.
Regulation of blood pressure - answer-A function of the urinary system.
,Interlobar Arteries - answer-Arteries that branch from segmental arteries and
travel through renal columns.
Arcuate Arteries - answer-Arteries that branch from interlobar arteries at the
corticomedullary junction.
Interlobular Arteries - answer-Arteries that branch from arcuate arteries and
project peripherally into the cortex.
Afferent Arterioles - answer-Arterioles that enter the renal corpuscle and form
the glomerulus.
Efferent Arterioles - answer-Arterioles that carry blood exiting from the
glomerulus.
Peritubular Capillaries - answer-Capillaries that intertwine around the proximal
and distal convoluted tubules.
Vasa Recta - answer-Capillaries that branch from the efferent arterioles and are
associated with the nephron.
Glomerular capillaries - answer-First capillary bed where blood is filtered.
Interlobular veins - answer-Smallest veins that travel alongside interlobular
arteries.
,10 mm Hg - answer-The calculated net filtration pressure (NFP) resulting from the
pressures in the glomerulus.
Effects of decreased blood pressure below 80 mm Hg - answer-Arterioles at
maximum dilation, decrease in glomerular blood pressure and GFR, and if
extremely low, cessation of waste elimination in urine.
Effects of increased blood pressure above 180 mm Hg - answer-Arterioles at
maximum constriction, increase in glomerular blood pressure and GFR, leading to
increased urine formation.
Neural and hormonal control - answer-Involves physiologic processes to change
GFR, in contrast to renal autoregulation which attempts to maintain GFR.
Decreasing GFR through sympathetic stimulation - answer-Results in decrease in
GFR through vasoconstriction of afferent and efferent arterioles, granular cells of
JG apparatus release renin, which results in angiotensin II production and
contraction of mesangial cells.
Contraction of mesangial cells - answer-Decreases surface area of glomerulus,
decreasing GFR.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - answer-Peptide hormone released from cardiac
muscle cells in response to stretch of atria in heart.
, Increasing GFR through ANP - answer-Increases GFR through relaxation of
afferent arteriole, inhibits release of renin, ultimately causing relaxation of
mesangial cells.
Relaxation of mesangial cells - answer-Increases filtration membrane surface
area, increasing GFR.
Net increase in GFR - answer-With increased urine volume decreases blood
volume and blood pressure.
Normal filtration across the glomerular membrane - answer-Certain substances
are normally filtered across the glomerular membrane while others are not.
Effect of diseases on filtration membrane - answer-Certain diseases, kidney
trauma, heavy metals, and some bacterial toxins can damage the filtration
membrane, affecting its relative permeability and the substances that are filtered.
NFP - answer-Net Filtration Pressure
HPg - answer-Hydrostatic Pressure in the Glomerulus
MAP - answer-Mean Arterial Pressure
Transport Barrier - answer-Simple epithelium of tubule wall that regulates
transport.
