A&P 1 101 MODULE 1 TO 7 EXAM 2026
PRACTICE QUESTION SET ONE
◉ Glycocalyx. Answer: ~consists of sugars (carbohydrates) sticking
out of cell surface. some sugars are attached to lipids (glycolipids)
and some to proteins (glycoproteins)
~every cell type has different patterns of this "sugar coating". cell to
cell recognition, allows immune system to recognize "self" vs. "non
self"
◉ ____ of some cancer cells can change so rapidly that the immune
system cannot recognize the cell as being damaged.. Answer:
glycocalyx
mutated cell is not destroyed by immune system so it is able to
replicate
◉ Basic Structural Similarities of Cells. Answer: 1) Plasma/Cell
Membrane
2) Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton
◉ Cytoplasm. Answer: material between plasma membrane and
nucleus, contains cytosol and organelles
,◉ Cytosol. Answer: think, semi-transparent, jelly-like fluid, mostly
water but also contains: proteins, salts/ions, sugars
◉ Organelles. Answer: "small organs"
ex. nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, smooth/rough ER, golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, cytoskeleton
◉ Nucleus. Answer: contains DNA
◉ Mitochondria. Answer: cellular respiration; contain own DNA
◉ Ribosomes. Answer: make protein
◉ Endoplasmic Reticulum. Answer: Rough: site of protein synthesis,
packaging
Smooth: many functions, most cells contain relatively little if any;
enzymes involved in many functions, storage site of calcium in
skeletal and cardiac muscle cells
◉ Golgi apparatus. Answer: processing center: modify/package
proteins
◉ Lysosomes. Answer: "cleaning crew"
, ◉ Cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments). Answer: structural
support, cell movement
◉ Tay Sachs Disease. Answer: affects specific enzyme found in
lysosomes, that breaks down lipids in brain and nerve cells. Without
enzyme lipids build up and damage nerve cells- initially-listlessness,
then blindness/seizures. Children rarely live beyond 4-5 years; no
cure or treatment
◉ Mitochondrial diseases. Answer: many different types; symptoms
from muscle weakness to poor growth, seizures, organ failure
◉ Plasma membrane is ____ - some molecules pass through easily,
some do not. Answer: selectively (differentially) permeable
◉ The way substances move across membrane depends on ____
across plasma membrane and which direction substance needs to
go. Answer: electrochemical gradient=concentration gradient +
electrical gradient
◉ Direction. Answer: into the cell or out of the cell
PRACTICE QUESTION SET ONE
◉ Glycocalyx. Answer: ~consists of sugars (carbohydrates) sticking
out of cell surface. some sugars are attached to lipids (glycolipids)
and some to proteins (glycoproteins)
~every cell type has different patterns of this "sugar coating". cell to
cell recognition, allows immune system to recognize "self" vs. "non
self"
◉ ____ of some cancer cells can change so rapidly that the immune
system cannot recognize the cell as being damaged.. Answer:
glycocalyx
mutated cell is not destroyed by immune system so it is able to
replicate
◉ Basic Structural Similarities of Cells. Answer: 1) Plasma/Cell
Membrane
2) Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton
◉ Cytoplasm. Answer: material between plasma membrane and
nucleus, contains cytosol and organelles
,◉ Cytosol. Answer: think, semi-transparent, jelly-like fluid, mostly
water but also contains: proteins, salts/ions, sugars
◉ Organelles. Answer: "small organs"
ex. nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, smooth/rough ER, golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, cytoskeleton
◉ Nucleus. Answer: contains DNA
◉ Mitochondria. Answer: cellular respiration; contain own DNA
◉ Ribosomes. Answer: make protein
◉ Endoplasmic Reticulum. Answer: Rough: site of protein synthesis,
packaging
Smooth: many functions, most cells contain relatively little if any;
enzymes involved in many functions, storage site of calcium in
skeletal and cardiac muscle cells
◉ Golgi apparatus. Answer: processing center: modify/package
proteins
◉ Lysosomes. Answer: "cleaning crew"
, ◉ Cytoskeleton (microtubules, microfilaments). Answer: structural
support, cell movement
◉ Tay Sachs Disease. Answer: affects specific enzyme found in
lysosomes, that breaks down lipids in brain and nerve cells. Without
enzyme lipids build up and damage nerve cells- initially-listlessness,
then blindness/seizures. Children rarely live beyond 4-5 years; no
cure or treatment
◉ Mitochondrial diseases. Answer: many different types; symptoms
from muscle weakness to poor growth, seizures, organ failure
◉ Plasma membrane is ____ - some molecules pass through easily,
some do not. Answer: selectively (differentially) permeable
◉ The way substances move across membrane depends on ____
across plasma membrane and which direction substance needs to
go. Answer: electrochemical gradient=concentration gradient +
electrical gradient
◉ Direction. Answer: into the cell or out of the cell
