BIO 235 MIDTERM 1 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
metabolism0-0ans✔sum0of0al0chemical0processes
catabolism0-0ans✔that0break0down0molecules,0releasing0energy.
anabolism0-0ans✔the0process0of0building0up0larger0molecules0from0smaller0ones.
30things0that0effect0growth0in0the0body0size0-
0ans✔1.0increase0in0the0size0of0existing0cells
2.increase0in0the0number0of0cells
3.increase0in0the0size0of0material0between0the0cells
differentiation0-0ans✔unspecialized0cells0becomes0specialized
reproduction0is0the0formation0of0new0cells0for?0(2)0-
0ans✔1.0tissue0growth,0repair0or0replacement
2.0production0of0a0new0individual
fluid0within0the0cells0-0ans✔intracellular0fluid
fluid0outside0the0cells0-0ans✔extracellular0fluid
ECF0that0fills0narrow0space0between0cells0of0tissues0-0ans✔interstitial0fluid
what0is0the0monitored0variable0called0in0a0feedback0loop0-0ans✔controlled0condition
what0is0the0stimulus0-0ans✔any0disruption0that0changes0a0controlled0condition
what's0the0receptor0-
0ans✔body0structure0monitoring0the0changes0of0a0controlled0condition0and0sends0inpu
ts
what0is0an0afferent0pathway-input0-
0ans✔flows0towards0the0control0center0(nerve0impulse0or0chemical0signal)
,what0is0the0control0center0-
0ans✔sets0the0range0of0values0within0which0a0controlled0condition0should0be0maintain
ed;0evaluates0the0input0it0receives0from0receptors0and0generates0output0commands0w
hen0they0are0needed
efferent0pathway0-0ans✔flow0away0from0control0center0to0effector
effector0-
0ans✔body0structure0receiving0output0and0brings0about0change0and0produces0a0respo
nse0that0alters0the0controlled0condition
negative0feedback0system0-0ans✔reverses0a0change0in0a0controlled0condition
positive0feedback0loop0-
0ans✔strengthens0or0reinforces0a0change0in0the0controlled0condition0until0its0interrupte
d-effector0produces0a0response0that0reinforces0the0initial0change-child0birth
disorder0-0ans✔abnormality0of0a0structure0or0function
disease0-0ans✔illness0characterized0by0a0recognizable0set0of0signs0and0symptoms
symptom0-0ans✔subjective0changes0not0visible0to0the0observer
sign0-0ans✔objective0changes0visible0to0the0observer0(doctor)
prone0-0ans✔body0is0lying0face0down
supine0-0ans✔body0is0lying0face0up
ipsilateral0-0ans✔same0side
contralateral0-0ans✔different0sides
superficial0-0ans✔towards0the0surface0of0the0skin
deep0-0ans✔away0from0surface0of0the0skin
sagittal0plane0-0ans✔divides0the0body0into0left0and0right
Midsagittal0(median)0plane0-0ans✔divides0into0equal0left0and0right0sides
parasagittal0plane0-0ans✔unequal0sides0left0and0right
fronta0(coronal0plane)0-0ans✔divides0front0and0back0(anterior/posterior)
,transverse0plane0-0ans✔superior0and0inferior0top0and0bottom0(horizontal0plane0cross-
sectional)
oblique0plane0-0ans✔anything0but0900degrees
cranial0cavity0-0ans✔contains0head
Vertebral0(spine)0cavity0-0ans✔contains0spinal0cord0and0vertebral0column-
continuous0of0the0cranial0cavity
Meninges0-0ans✔layers0of0protective0tissue0surround0the0brain0and0spinal0cord
thoracic0cavity0-
0ans✔chest,0ribs,0sternum0muscles0of0the0chest0and0a0thoracic0portion0of0the0vertebra
l0column
pericardial0cavity0-0ans✔surrounds0the0heart
pleura0cavity0-0ans✔surrounds0lungs
visceral0layer0of0cavity0-0ans✔inner0layer
parietal0layer0of0cavity0-0ans✔outer0layer
mediastinum0cavity0-
0ans✔between0the0lugs0extending0from0the0sternum0to0the0vertebral0column0and0first0r
ib0down0to0the0diaphragm-
heart,0thymus,0esophagus,0trachea,0and0BV's0but0not0the0lungs
diaphragm0-
0ans✔dome0muscle0that0separates0the0thoracic0cavity0from0the0abdominopelvic0cavity
abdominopelvic0cavity0-0ans✔from0the0diaphragm0to0the0groin
abdominal0cavity-
stomach,0spleen,0liver,0gallbladder,0small0intestine,0and0large0intestine
pelvic0cavity-
urinary0bladder,0parts0of0the0large0intestine,0and0internal0organs0of0the0reproductive0sy
stem
viscera0-0ans✔organs0inside0thoracic0and0abdominopelvic0cavities
major0elements0of0body0mass0-0ans✔nitrogen,0carbon,0oxygen0and0hydrogen
lesser0elements080-
0ans✔Calcium,0Phosphorus,0Potassium,0Sulfur,0Sodium,0Chlorine,0Magnesium,0Iron
, what0are0the0three0subatomic0particles0-0ans✔neutrons,0protons,0electrons
nucleus0-0ans✔core0of0an0atom
proton0-0ans✔positively0charged0(in0nucleus)
neutron0-0ans✔neutral0no0charge0(in0nucleus)
electrons0-0ans✔negatively0charged0in0a0cloud0around0the0nucleus
number0of0protons0=?0-0ans✔number0of0electrons
atomic0number0is0what0-0ans✔number0of0protons/electrons
mass0number0-0ans✔sum0of0protons0and0neutrons
isotopes0-0ans✔Atoms0of0the0same0element0that0have0different0numbers0of0neutrons
radioactive0isotopes0(radioisotopes)0-
0ans✔An0isotope0of0an0atom0that0spontaneously0emits0one0or0more0types0of0radioacti
vity0into0stable0configuration
half-life0-0ans✔the0time0it0takes0radioactive0isotope0to0decay0into0half
atomic0mass/weight0-0ans✔average0of0the0natural0occurring0isotopes
ion0-
0ans✔has0a0positive0or0negative0charge0because0it0has0unequal0number0of0protons0a
nd0electrons
ionization0-0ans✔the0process0of0giving0up0or0gaining0an0electron0to0become0stable
molecule0-0ans✔when0two0or0more0atoms0share0an0electron
compound0-0ans✔substance0made0up0of0two0or0more0different0elements
free0radicals0-
0ans✔atoms0with0an0unpaired0electron0in0the0outermost0shell0making0it0unstable-
become0stable0by0gaining0or0losing0from0another0element0(this0breaks0apart0important
0elements)0UV0rays,0x-rays
ionic0bond0-0ans✔force0of0attraction0between0oppositely0charged0ions
cation0-0ans✔positively0charged0ion-loses0an0electron
anion0-0ans✔negatively0charged0ion-gains0an0electron
ANSWERS
metabolism0-0ans✔sum0of0al0chemical0processes
catabolism0-0ans✔that0break0down0molecules,0releasing0energy.
anabolism0-0ans✔the0process0of0building0up0larger0molecules0from0smaller0ones.
30things0that0effect0growth0in0the0body0size0-
0ans✔1.0increase0in0the0size0of0existing0cells
2.increase0in0the0number0of0cells
3.increase0in0the0size0of0material0between0the0cells
differentiation0-0ans✔unspecialized0cells0becomes0specialized
reproduction0is0the0formation0of0new0cells0for?0(2)0-
0ans✔1.0tissue0growth,0repair0or0replacement
2.0production0of0a0new0individual
fluid0within0the0cells0-0ans✔intracellular0fluid
fluid0outside0the0cells0-0ans✔extracellular0fluid
ECF0that0fills0narrow0space0between0cells0of0tissues0-0ans✔interstitial0fluid
what0is0the0monitored0variable0called0in0a0feedback0loop0-0ans✔controlled0condition
what0is0the0stimulus0-0ans✔any0disruption0that0changes0a0controlled0condition
what's0the0receptor0-
0ans✔body0structure0monitoring0the0changes0of0a0controlled0condition0and0sends0inpu
ts
what0is0an0afferent0pathway-input0-
0ans✔flows0towards0the0control0center0(nerve0impulse0or0chemical0signal)
,what0is0the0control0center0-
0ans✔sets0the0range0of0values0within0which0a0controlled0condition0should0be0maintain
ed;0evaluates0the0input0it0receives0from0receptors0and0generates0output0commands0w
hen0they0are0needed
efferent0pathway0-0ans✔flow0away0from0control0center0to0effector
effector0-
0ans✔body0structure0receiving0output0and0brings0about0change0and0produces0a0respo
nse0that0alters0the0controlled0condition
negative0feedback0system0-0ans✔reverses0a0change0in0a0controlled0condition
positive0feedback0loop0-
0ans✔strengthens0or0reinforces0a0change0in0the0controlled0condition0until0its0interrupte
d-effector0produces0a0response0that0reinforces0the0initial0change-child0birth
disorder0-0ans✔abnormality0of0a0structure0or0function
disease0-0ans✔illness0characterized0by0a0recognizable0set0of0signs0and0symptoms
symptom0-0ans✔subjective0changes0not0visible0to0the0observer
sign0-0ans✔objective0changes0visible0to0the0observer0(doctor)
prone0-0ans✔body0is0lying0face0down
supine0-0ans✔body0is0lying0face0up
ipsilateral0-0ans✔same0side
contralateral0-0ans✔different0sides
superficial0-0ans✔towards0the0surface0of0the0skin
deep0-0ans✔away0from0surface0of0the0skin
sagittal0plane0-0ans✔divides0the0body0into0left0and0right
Midsagittal0(median)0plane0-0ans✔divides0into0equal0left0and0right0sides
parasagittal0plane0-0ans✔unequal0sides0left0and0right
fronta0(coronal0plane)0-0ans✔divides0front0and0back0(anterior/posterior)
,transverse0plane0-0ans✔superior0and0inferior0top0and0bottom0(horizontal0plane0cross-
sectional)
oblique0plane0-0ans✔anything0but0900degrees
cranial0cavity0-0ans✔contains0head
Vertebral0(spine)0cavity0-0ans✔contains0spinal0cord0and0vertebral0column-
continuous0of0the0cranial0cavity
Meninges0-0ans✔layers0of0protective0tissue0surround0the0brain0and0spinal0cord
thoracic0cavity0-
0ans✔chest,0ribs,0sternum0muscles0of0the0chest0and0a0thoracic0portion0of0the0vertebra
l0column
pericardial0cavity0-0ans✔surrounds0the0heart
pleura0cavity0-0ans✔surrounds0lungs
visceral0layer0of0cavity0-0ans✔inner0layer
parietal0layer0of0cavity0-0ans✔outer0layer
mediastinum0cavity0-
0ans✔between0the0lugs0extending0from0the0sternum0to0the0vertebral0column0and0first0r
ib0down0to0the0diaphragm-
heart,0thymus,0esophagus,0trachea,0and0BV's0but0not0the0lungs
diaphragm0-
0ans✔dome0muscle0that0separates0the0thoracic0cavity0from0the0abdominopelvic0cavity
abdominopelvic0cavity0-0ans✔from0the0diaphragm0to0the0groin
abdominal0cavity-
stomach,0spleen,0liver,0gallbladder,0small0intestine,0and0large0intestine
pelvic0cavity-
urinary0bladder,0parts0of0the0large0intestine,0and0internal0organs0of0the0reproductive0sy
stem
viscera0-0ans✔organs0inside0thoracic0and0abdominopelvic0cavities
major0elements0of0body0mass0-0ans✔nitrogen,0carbon,0oxygen0and0hydrogen
lesser0elements080-
0ans✔Calcium,0Phosphorus,0Potassium,0Sulfur,0Sodium,0Chlorine,0Magnesium,0Iron
, what0are0the0three0subatomic0particles0-0ans✔neutrons,0protons,0electrons
nucleus0-0ans✔core0of0an0atom
proton0-0ans✔positively0charged0(in0nucleus)
neutron0-0ans✔neutral0no0charge0(in0nucleus)
electrons0-0ans✔negatively0charged0in0a0cloud0around0the0nucleus
number0of0protons0=?0-0ans✔number0of0electrons
atomic0number0is0what0-0ans✔number0of0protons/electrons
mass0number0-0ans✔sum0of0protons0and0neutrons
isotopes0-0ans✔Atoms0of0the0same0element0that0have0different0numbers0of0neutrons
radioactive0isotopes0(radioisotopes)0-
0ans✔An0isotope0of0an0atom0that0spontaneously0emits0one0or0more0types0of0radioacti
vity0into0stable0configuration
half-life0-0ans✔the0time0it0takes0radioactive0isotope0to0decay0into0half
atomic0mass/weight0-0ans✔average0of0the0natural0occurring0isotopes
ion0-
0ans✔has0a0positive0or0negative0charge0because0it0has0unequal0number0of0protons0a
nd0electrons
ionization0-0ans✔the0process0of0giving0up0or0gaining0an0electron0to0become0stable
molecule0-0ans✔when0two0or0more0atoms0share0an0electron
compound0-0ans✔substance0made0up0of0two0or0more0different0elements
free0radicals0-
0ans✔atoms0with0an0unpaired0electron0in0the0outermost0shell0making0it0unstable-
become0stable0by0gaining0or0losing0from0another0element0(this0breaks0apart0important
0elements)0UV0rays,0x-rays
ionic0bond0-0ans✔force0of0attraction0between0oppositely0charged0ions
cation0-0ans✔positively0charged0ion-loses0an0electron
anion0-0ans✔negatively0charged0ion-gains0an0electron
