SPCM 200 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Artistic forms of proof - Answer -ethos, logos pathos
Ethos - Answer -the credibility of the speaker- particularly their ethics, character and
experiences
Logos - Answer -information presented in a clear and logical manner
Pathos - Answer -the use of emotional appeals by the speaker
logical fallacies - Answer -ad hominem, bandwagon, slippery slope, what-about-ism,
false dilemma, false cause, hasty generalization, red herring, strawman
ad hominem - Answer -attacks a person instead of challenging the person's argument
bandwagon - Answer -claims that something should be done just because it is popular
slippery slope - Answer -a claim that a small and reasonable step will inevitably lead to
the most severe and outlandish outcome
what-about-ism - Answer -a speaker's attempts to avoid criticism by suggesting the
critic is actually just as guilty or wrong as the speaker
false dilemma - Answer -either/or fallacy
presents two options to the audience as their only possible choices when, in reality,
there are many actual choices the audience could make
false cause - Answer -claims that just because one event happened prior to another
event, the first event must have directly caused the second event
hasty generalization - Answer -pervert the logic of induction to advance an unethical
claim
red herring - Answer -the speaker introduces information or ideas into an argument to
confuse or distract from the information that actually matters
strawman - Answer -a speaker intentionally mischaracterizes the position of their
opponent and then attacks their opponent for that position
warrant - Answer -a form of reasoning that connects evidence to a claim
types of warrant - Answer -induction, deduction, cause, analogy, sign
, induction - Answer -reasoning that uses a number of specific cases to draw a general
conclusion or claim
deduction - Answer -uses a general principle to reason what happened in a particular
case
cause - Answer -showing that a person, event, or object reasonably produced a change
in the world (an effect)
analogy - Answer -a form of reasoning that works by identifying the same kind of
relationship between multiple kinds of persons, objects, events, or items
sign - Answer -pointing to something that signifies the presence of something else
ordering principles - Answer -primary principle, recency principle
primary principle - Answer -whichever point or idea in your speech is the strongest or
most important should go first
recency principle - Answer -whichever point or idea in your speech is the strongest or
most important should go last
impromptu speaking - Answer -giving a speech with little or no preparation
impromptu speaking tips - Answer -speak on the basics for a general audience, speak
about your experience, speak from the heart, use common topoi
topoi - Answer -common lines of argument that a good speaker can go to that are
applicable for almost any topic or subject matter
extemporaneous speaking - Answer -a speech delivered with preparation from a loose
set of notes and ideas
outline - Answer -written-page sized document that organizes information and ideas for
the delivery of an extemporaneous speech
common features of an outline - Answer -section headers, points and sub-points,
coordinating numbers and letters, in-text citations and a Works Cited
preparation outline - Answer -an outline that includes a complete accounting of all the
information the speaker wants to provide in his or her speech, in full and complete
sentences
keyword outline - Answer -an abbreviated version of the preparation outline that
includes key words, phrases, ideas and evidence that can jog the speaker's mind and
facilitates a truly extemporaneous speechmaking delivery
Artistic forms of proof - Answer -ethos, logos pathos
Ethos - Answer -the credibility of the speaker- particularly their ethics, character and
experiences
Logos - Answer -information presented in a clear and logical manner
Pathos - Answer -the use of emotional appeals by the speaker
logical fallacies - Answer -ad hominem, bandwagon, slippery slope, what-about-ism,
false dilemma, false cause, hasty generalization, red herring, strawman
ad hominem - Answer -attacks a person instead of challenging the person's argument
bandwagon - Answer -claims that something should be done just because it is popular
slippery slope - Answer -a claim that a small and reasonable step will inevitably lead to
the most severe and outlandish outcome
what-about-ism - Answer -a speaker's attempts to avoid criticism by suggesting the
critic is actually just as guilty or wrong as the speaker
false dilemma - Answer -either/or fallacy
presents two options to the audience as their only possible choices when, in reality,
there are many actual choices the audience could make
false cause - Answer -claims that just because one event happened prior to another
event, the first event must have directly caused the second event
hasty generalization - Answer -pervert the logic of induction to advance an unethical
claim
red herring - Answer -the speaker introduces information or ideas into an argument to
confuse or distract from the information that actually matters
strawman - Answer -a speaker intentionally mischaracterizes the position of their
opponent and then attacks their opponent for that position
warrant - Answer -a form of reasoning that connects evidence to a claim
types of warrant - Answer -induction, deduction, cause, analogy, sign
, induction - Answer -reasoning that uses a number of specific cases to draw a general
conclusion or claim
deduction - Answer -uses a general principle to reason what happened in a particular
case
cause - Answer -showing that a person, event, or object reasonably produced a change
in the world (an effect)
analogy - Answer -a form of reasoning that works by identifying the same kind of
relationship between multiple kinds of persons, objects, events, or items
sign - Answer -pointing to something that signifies the presence of something else
ordering principles - Answer -primary principle, recency principle
primary principle - Answer -whichever point or idea in your speech is the strongest or
most important should go first
recency principle - Answer -whichever point or idea in your speech is the strongest or
most important should go last
impromptu speaking - Answer -giving a speech with little or no preparation
impromptu speaking tips - Answer -speak on the basics for a general audience, speak
about your experience, speak from the heart, use common topoi
topoi - Answer -common lines of argument that a good speaker can go to that are
applicable for almost any topic or subject matter
extemporaneous speaking - Answer -a speech delivered with preparation from a loose
set of notes and ideas
outline - Answer -written-page sized document that organizes information and ideas for
the delivery of an extemporaneous speech
common features of an outline - Answer -section headers, points and sub-points,
coordinating numbers and letters, in-text citations and a Works Cited
preparation outline - Answer -an outline that includes a complete accounting of all the
information the speaker wants to provide in his or her speech, in full and complete
sentences
keyword outline - Answer -an abbreviated version of the preparation outline that
includes key words, phrases, ideas and evidence that can jog the speaker's mind and
facilitates a truly extemporaneous speechmaking delivery
