A&P 1 MODULE 2 EXAM: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
All except what sensory impulses are channeled through the thalamus? - answer-All
sensory impulses (except those associated with the sense of smell) are channeled
through the thalamus.
Be able to label and recognize all nerves in bold. For example, what nerve is
highlighted in blue, below: (see module problem set) - answer-Phrenic nerve
Compression of the ____ nerve results in carpal tunnel syndrome. - answer-Median
nerve
Compression of the _____ nerve results in the ulnar claw sign. - answer-Ulnar nerve
Describe a nerve plexus and list the 4 body nerve plexuses. - answer-A nerve plexus
is a network of interconnecting spinal nerves carried together to some target
location. Major plexuses include the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses.
Describe the 3 spinal cord meninges and their associated tissues and fluids. -
answer-The outer meninx, a single layer called the spinal dural (mater) sheath is
separated from the vertebral column by a cushioning fat-filled epidural space. The
space between the middle arachnoid and inner pia mater meninges is filled with
cerebrospinal fluid.
Describe the brain meninges and the layers. - answer-The meninges are three layers
of connective tissue membranes that cover and protect central nervous system
organs and enclose cerebrospinal fluid. The leathery dura mater is the double-
layered outer meninx. The middle arachnoid meninx is a loose layer separated from
the dura mater by the subdural space. Beneath the arachnoid meninx is the
subarachnoid space which contains blood vessels and is filled with cerebrospinal
fluid. The inner pia mater meninx is a thin connective tissue tightly attached to the
brain.
Describe the cerebrum. - answer-The foremost part of the brain; largest part of the
brain in humans comprising about 83% of total brain mass
Describe the composition of the gray matter of the spinal cord. - answer-The gray
matter of the cord is composed of multipolar neurons and supporting cells.
Describe the composition of the white matter of the spinal cord. - answer-The white
matter of the cord is composed of myelinated and un-myelinated nerve fibers.
Describe the detail the structure of spinal nerves after leaving the vertebral column. -
answer-Almost immediately after emerging from the vertebral column, a spinal nerve
divides into branches called the dorsal ramus and ventral ramus. The smaller dorsal
ramus contains nerves that serve the dorsal portions of the trunk including the skin
and muscles of the back. The larger ventral ramus contains nerves that serve the
remaining ventral parts of the trunk and the upper and lower limbs.
, Describe the detail the structure of spinal nerves within the vertebral column. -
answer-Each spinal nerve emerges from the spinal cord by two short roots, the
dorsal root which contains the axons of afferent sensory neurons, which conduct
impulses to the cord and the ventral root which contains the axons of efferent motor
neurons, which conduct impulses away from the cord. These two roots join just
before a spinal nerve leaves the vertebral column.
Describe the effects caused by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous
systems on heart blood vessels, the lungs and the digestive tract. - answer-The
parasympathetic nervous system has no effect on heart blood vessels, constricts
bronchioles of the lungs and increases peristalsis and relaxes the sphincters of the
digestive tract. The sympathetic nervous system dilates heart blood vessels, dilates
bronchioles of the lungs and decreases the activity of and constricts the sphincters of
the digestive tract.
Describe the function of the white matter of the spinal cord. - answer-The white
matter fibers of the spinal cord are composed of ascending tracts that proceed up to
the brain carrying sensory inputs and descending tracts that proceed down to (or
within) the cord carrying motor outputs.
Describe the functions of the lobes of the cerebrum. - answer-The frontal lobe
controls higher level executive functions such as reasoning and decision making.
The frontal lobe also controls motor functions and permits control over voluntary
muscle actions.
The parietal lobe receives sensory information from receptors in the mouth for taste
and located in the skin, such as those for touch, pressure, and pain.
The occipital lobe interprets visual input.
The temporal lobe has sensory areas for hearing and smelling.
Describe the location and structure of the cerebellum. - answer-below and at the
back of the brain; divided into 2 hemispheres w/ deep fissures subdividing it into 3
lobes
Describe the number, location and function of the brain ventricles. - answer-4
ventricles in the interior of the brain, chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
which is produced there.
Describe the spinal cord and its extension. - answer-The spinal cord extends from
the brain stem to the first lumbar vertebra where it officially terminates as the conus
medullaris. The extension of the cord beyond L1is a collection of nerve roots called
the cauda equina which runs to its end at the coccyx.
Explain in detail how the sympathetic nervous system functions during an
emergency. - answer-During an emergency, the sympathetic system accelerates the
heartbeat, dilates the bronchi, and increases the breathing rate supplying needed
oxygen and causes the liver to deliver more glucose and inhibits the digestive
All except what sensory impulses are channeled through the thalamus? - answer-All
sensory impulses (except those associated with the sense of smell) are channeled
through the thalamus.
Be able to label and recognize all nerves in bold. For example, what nerve is
highlighted in blue, below: (see module problem set) - answer-Phrenic nerve
Compression of the ____ nerve results in carpal tunnel syndrome. - answer-Median
nerve
Compression of the _____ nerve results in the ulnar claw sign. - answer-Ulnar nerve
Describe a nerve plexus and list the 4 body nerve plexuses. - answer-A nerve plexus
is a network of interconnecting spinal nerves carried together to some target
location. Major plexuses include the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses.
Describe the 3 spinal cord meninges and their associated tissues and fluids. -
answer-The outer meninx, a single layer called the spinal dural (mater) sheath is
separated from the vertebral column by a cushioning fat-filled epidural space. The
space between the middle arachnoid and inner pia mater meninges is filled with
cerebrospinal fluid.
Describe the brain meninges and the layers. - answer-The meninges are three layers
of connective tissue membranes that cover and protect central nervous system
organs and enclose cerebrospinal fluid. The leathery dura mater is the double-
layered outer meninx. The middle arachnoid meninx is a loose layer separated from
the dura mater by the subdural space. Beneath the arachnoid meninx is the
subarachnoid space which contains blood vessels and is filled with cerebrospinal
fluid. The inner pia mater meninx is a thin connective tissue tightly attached to the
brain.
Describe the cerebrum. - answer-The foremost part of the brain; largest part of the
brain in humans comprising about 83% of total brain mass
Describe the composition of the gray matter of the spinal cord. - answer-The gray
matter of the cord is composed of multipolar neurons and supporting cells.
Describe the composition of the white matter of the spinal cord. - answer-The white
matter of the cord is composed of myelinated and un-myelinated nerve fibers.
Describe the detail the structure of spinal nerves after leaving the vertebral column. -
answer-Almost immediately after emerging from the vertebral column, a spinal nerve
divides into branches called the dorsal ramus and ventral ramus. The smaller dorsal
ramus contains nerves that serve the dorsal portions of the trunk including the skin
and muscles of the back. The larger ventral ramus contains nerves that serve the
remaining ventral parts of the trunk and the upper and lower limbs.
, Describe the detail the structure of spinal nerves within the vertebral column. -
answer-Each spinal nerve emerges from the spinal cord by two short roots, the
dorsal root which contains the axons of afferent sensory neurons, which conduct
impulses to the cord and the ventral root which contains the axons of efferent motor
neurons, which conduct impulses away from the cord. These two roots join just
before a spinal nerve leaves the vertebral column.
Describe the effects caused by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous
systems on heart blood vessels, the lungs and the digestive tract. - answer-The
parasympathetic nervous system has no effect on heart blood vessels, constricts
bronchioles of the lungs and increases peristalsis and relaxes the sphincters of the
digestive tract. The sympathetic nervous system dilates heart blood vessels, dilates
bronchioles of the lungs and decreases the activity of and constricts the sphincters of
the digestive tract.
Describe the function of the white matter of the spinal cord. - answer-The white
matter fibers of the spinal cord are composed of ascending tracts that proceed up to
the brain carrying sensory inputs and descending tracts that proceed down to (or
within) the cord carrying motor outputs.
Describe the functions of the lobes of the cerebrum. - answer-The frontal lobe
controls higher level executive functions such as reasoning and decision making.
The frontal lobe also controls motor functions and permits control over voluntary
muscle actions.
The parietal lobe receives sensory information from receptors in the mouth for taste
and located in the skin, such as those for touch, pressure, and pain.
The occipital lobe interprets visual input.
The temporal lobe has sensory areas for hearing and smelling.
Describe the location and structure of the cerebellum. - answer-below and at the
back of the brain; divided into 2 hemispheres w/ deep fissures subdividing it into 3
lobes
Describe the number, location and function of the brain ventricles. - answer-4
ventricles in the interior of the brain, chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
which is produced there.
Describe the spinal cord and its extension. - answer-The spinal cord extends from
the brain stem to the first lumbar vertebra where it officially terminates as the conus
medullaris. The extension of the cord beyond L1is a collection of nerve roots called
the cauda equina which runs to its end at the coccyx.
Explain in detail how the sympathetic nervous system functions during an
emergency. - answer-During an emergency, the sympathetic system accelerates the
heartbeat, dilates the bronchi, and increases the breathing rate supplying needed
oxygen and causes the liver to deliver more glucose and inhibits the digestive
