ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1 FINAL
EXAM QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS(RATED A+)
Afferent Sensory Receptors - ANSWERfrom interoceptors (chemo or mechano) to CNS
integration. Ex- monitor oxygen or BV stretch.
Efferent Sensory Receptors - ANSWERfrom CNS out to effector organs (down white
matter motor tracts of cord). Pathway to effector organ is made up of at least 2 motor
neurons with a synapse.
Sympathetic - ANSWERSpeeds up (excites) and consumes energy. "Fight or flight"
Parasympathetic - ANSWERSlows down (inhibits) and conserves energy. "Rest and
Digest".
Autonomic Tone - ANSWERThe constant balance between the two branches
(sympathetic and para-)
Sympathetic Division - ANSWERTrunk (vertebral chain) ganglia - serves upper body.
Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia - serves below the diaphragm.
Divergent effect - ANSWEROne sympathetic preganglionic fiber has many axon
collaterals and may synapse with 20 or more post ganglionic neurons.
Cholinergic receptors - ANSWERParasympathetic, always releases ACH. Has 3
synapses.
Adrenergic - ANSWERSympathetic, always releases Norepinephrine. Has 1 synapse.
Nicotinic - ANSWERFound at the preganglionic ganglia, always cholinergic. Can only
excite (depolarize) synapses
Muscarinic - ANSWERAt effector organs (postganglionic- parasympathetic). can both
excite (depolarize) and inhibit (hyperpolarize) synpases.
Alpha 1 and Beta 1 - ANSWERExcitatory receptors (cx. of muscles, increases release
of hormone). Muscles will contract and hormones will be released, excitatory in nature.
Alpha 2 and Beta 2 - ANSWERInhibitory receptors (relaxing of muscles, decrease
release of hormones).
Beta 1 - ANSWERAdrenergic receptor in the heart.
, Beta 2 - ANSWERAdrenergic receptor in the lungs, uterus, and skeletal/ cardiac muslce
BVs.
Beta 3 - ANSWERAdrenergic receptor only active in infants for burning brown fat --
thermogenesis.
Exocrine gland - ANSWERgland that secretes into ducts -- onto body cavities and
outside of the body.
Endocrine gland - ANSWERGland that is ductless.
Paracrine - ANSWERHormone that acts on near-by cells without getting into the blood
stream.
Autocrine - ANSWERHormone that acts on the same cell that secreted it.
Hypothalamus - ANSWERProduces releasing or inhibiting factors that travel via blood to
anterior pituitary. Also produces ADH and Oxytocin that is released by the posterior
pituitary.
Pituitary (Hypophysis) - ANSWERFound in the Sella Turcica of the Sphenoid bone.
2 Capillary beds connected by a portal vein - ANSWERWhat allows there to be a direct
route to the anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus. Instead of having to go all the way
through the blood system until it gets to the A. Pituitary?
Anterior Pituitary hormones - ANSWER7 hormones, called "tropic" hormones that
influence other glands.
Human Growth Hormone (hGH) - ANSWERSomatotrophin, stimulates secretion of IGF.
Target cells = bones, cartilage, skeletal muscle, liver. Also increases blood glucose.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - ANSWERStimulates synthesis/ secretion of
Thyroid hormones by thyroid gland.
Prolactin (PRL) - ANSWERMilk production by mammary glands.
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) - ANSWERCells from Pars Intermedia. Causes
the bronzing of skin color. Controls melanin secretions.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - ANSWERStimulates adrenal cortex to secrete
glucocorticoids (cortisol). Released when stressed.
Oxytocin - ANSWERReleased from the posterior pituitary. Affects the uterus and
breasts. During labor, it increases smooth muscle contractions of the uterine wall. The
EXAM QUESTIONS &
ANSWERS(RATED A+)
Afferent Sensory Receptors - ANSWERfrom interoceptors (chemo or mechano) to CNS
integration. Ex- monitor oxygen or BV stretch.
Efferent Sensory Receptors - ANSWERfrom CNS out to effector organs (down white
matter motor tracts of cord). Pathway to effector organ is made up of at least 2 motor
neurons with a synapse.
Sympathetic - ANSWERSpeeds up (excites) and consumes energy. "Fight or flight"
Parasympathetic - ANSWERSlows down (inhibits) and conserves energy. "Rest and
Digest".
Autonomic Tone - ANSWERThe constant balance between the two branches
(sympathetic and para-)
Sympathetic Division - ANSWERTrunk (vertebral chain) ganglia - serves upper body.
Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia - serves below the diaphragm.
Divergent effect - ANSWEROne sympathetic preganglionic fiber has many axon
collaterals and may synapse with 20 or more post ganglionic neurons.
Cholinergic receptors - ANSWERParasympathetic, always releases ACH. Has 3
synapses.
Adrenergic - ANSWERSympathetic, always releases Norepinephrine. Has 1 synapse.
Nicotinic - ANSWERFound at the preganglionic ganglia, always cholinergic. Can only
excite (depolarize) synapses
Muscarinic - ANSWERAt effector organs (postganglionic- parasympathetic). can both
excite (depolarize) and inhibit (hyperpolarize) synpases.
Alpha 1 and Beta 1 - ANSWERExcitatory receptors (cx. of muscles, increases release
of hormone). Muscles will contract and hormones will be released, excitatory in nature.
Alpha 2 and Beta 2 - ANSWERInhibitory receptors (relaxing of muscles, decrease
release of hormones).
Beta 1 - ANSWERAdrenergic receptor in the heart.
, Beta 2 - ANSWERAdrenergic receptor in the lungs, uterus, and skeletal/ cardiac muslce
BVs.
Beta 3 - ANSWERAdrenergic receptor only active in infants for burning brown fat --
thermogenesis.
Exocrine gland - ANSWERgland that secretes into ducts -- onto body cavities and
outside of the body.
Endocrine gland - ANSWERGland that is ductless.
Paracrine - ANSWERHormone that acts on near-by cells without getting into the blood
stream.
Autocrine - ANSWERHormone that acts on the same cell that secreted it.
Hypothalamus - ANSWERProduces releasing or inhibiting factors that travel via blood to
anterior pituitary. Also produces ADH and Oxytocin that is released by the posterior
pituitary.
Pituitary (Hypophysis) - ANSWERFound in the Sella Turcica of the Sphenoid bone.
2 Capillary beds connected by a portal vein - ANSWERWhat allows there to be a direct
route to the anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus. Instead of having to go all the way
through the blood system until it gets to the A. Pituitary?
Anterior Pituitary hormones - ANSWER7 hormones, called "tropic" hormones that
influence other glands.
Human Growth Hormone (hGH) - ANSWERSomatotrophin, stimulates secretion of IGF.
Target cells = bones, cartilage, skeletal muscle, liver. Also increases blood glucose.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - ANSWERStimulates synthesis/ secretion of
Thyroid hormones by thyroid gland.
Prolactin (PRL) - ANSWERMilk production by mammary glands.
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) - ANSWERCells from Pars Intermedia. Causes
the bronzing of skin color. Controls melanin secretions.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - ANSWERStimulates adrenal cortex to secrete
glucocorticoids (cortisol). Released when stressed.
Oxytocin - ANSWERReleased from the posterior pituitary. Affects the uterus and
breasts. During labor, it increases smooth muscle contractions of the uterine wall. The
