NAVLE STUDY GUIDE – TOXICOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026

NAVLE STUDY GUIDE – TOXICOLOGY
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+ 2025/2026




Black widow:
- mechanism
- signs
- treatment

- acetylcholine binds to Ca and causes ascending motor paralysis + destroyed peripheral nerves
- recumbency, vocalization, pain, rigidity with spasms
- ??

Cholecalciferol:
- mechanism
- signs
- treatment

- active form of Vit D causes fatal hypercalcemia

- increased Ca, P and consequently mineralization of soft tissues with renal/cardiac/GI damage

- diuresis, prednisone, bisphosphonates, calcitonin

Warfarin
- mechanism
- signs
- treatment

- anticoagulant
- increased PT, bleeding
- Vit K1, plasma transfusion

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, Brodifacoum
- mechanism
- signs
- treatment

- vit K antagonist via epoxide reductase
- bleeding, increased PT
- Vit K1, monitor PT

Bromethalin
- mechanism
- signs
- treatment

-uncouples ox phos. = CNS dysfunction
- CNS signs
- mannitol, IV lipids -> prognosis grave if symptomatic

Ethylene glycol
- mechanism
- signs
- treatment

- ca oxalate crystal formation, titrational metabolic acidosis
- ataxia, PU/PD, can take 24-72hrs to show renal failure, increased glucose and decreased Ca
- 4MP or ethanol, tx in 8-12h after ingestion can carry good prognosis

Organophosphates
- mechanism
- signs
- treatment

- inhibit acetylcholinesterase
- muscarinic signs = incoordination, hypersalivation
- 2PAM, atropine

Strychnine (snail bait)
- mechanism
- signs
- treatment




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