NSG530 Exam 1-4 set with 100%
Correct Answers.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
Pyelonephritis - ansinflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney
Chronic Pyelonephritis - ansInterstitial fibrosis and atrophy of tubules due to multiple bouts
of acute pyelonephritis
Can be associated with chronic UTI's, vesicoureteral reflux, or kidney stones
Cystitis - ansInflammation of the bladder
Common pathogens are E. Coli and staphylococcus saphrophyticus
Symptoms of cystitis - ansFrequency, urgency, dysuria, lower back pain
Renal cell carcinoma - anscancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells
Renal adenoma - anssmall, slow-growing glandular noncancerous tumor of the kidney
Renal transitional cell carcinoma - ansrare and primarily arises in the renal parenchyma and
renal pelvis.
Transitional cell carcinoma - ansa malignant tumor of the urinary tract that is often found
within the urinary bladder or within the renal pelvis. Generally occurs in older men. Gross
painless hematuria
Gomerulonephritis - ansinflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney
Primary glomerulonephritis - ansinflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys that occurs
independently of other chronic conditions; usually the result of an acute infectious process
secondary glomerulonephritis - ansinflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys that results
from other chronic conditions, such as lupus erythematosus or diabetes.
Symptoms of glomerulonephritis - ansHematuria with red blood cell casts, proteinuria with
albumin, oliguria, HTN, edema, nephrotic sediment
Types of glomerulonephritis - ans- membranous nephropathy/ glomerulonephritis
- rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis
-Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (goodpasture syndrome)
- chronic glomerulonephritis
-diabetic neuropathy
Nephrotic syndrome - ansloss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through
urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
Causes of nephrotic syndrome - ansMembranous glomerulonephritis
Minimal change nephropathy
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
-systemic disease such as diabetes or lupus
Hypospadias - anscongenital abnormality in which the male urethral opening is on the
undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip
Epispadias - ansOpening of the urethra on the superior surface of the penis
Chordee - ansa downward curvature of the penis, often associated with hypospadias
Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor) - ansA rapidly developing malignancy of the kidneys,
usually affecting children before age 5. Normally found by parents due to swelling.
PCOS diagnosis - ansHave to have two of the following:
-Irregular ovulation
-Elevated levels of androgen
-Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
,NSG530 Exam 1-4 set with 100%
Correct Answers.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) - ansAn endocrine disorder associated with chronic
anovulation, most common in young women (teens to twenties). High LH/FSH ratio in blood;
A hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges.
Chlamydia - ansA bacterial infection that affects the reproductive organs of both males and
females. Can cause permanent damage to a woman's reproductive system. Can also cause
ectopic pregnancy.
Symptoms of Chlamydia - ansurethritis; penile and vaginal discharges; abdominal, rectal, or
testicular pain; painful intercourse; irregular menses
Syphilis - ansan STD that attacks many parts of the body and is caused by a small bacterium
called a spirochete. 3 phases
Primary stage of syphilis - ansthe first few weeks of a syphilis infection during which the
chancre is present and can be present on the mouth, penis, vagina, anus
secondary stage of syphilis - ansSkin rashes and/or sores in the mouth, vagina, or anus. A
rash that appears on the soles of the feet or palms. Fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat,
patchy hair loss, headaches, weight loss, muscle aches, fatigue
Latent syphilis - ansthe third stage of syphilis, which may last for years, during which
symptoms disappear although the person is still infected
Tertiary syphilis - ansDamages internal organs and can result in death if not treated
Ghonnorea - ansInfects the mucus membrane of the reproductive tract including the cervix,
uterus, and fallopian tubes in women. The urethra can be affected in women and men
Ghonnorea symptoms - ansDischarge, dysuria, unusual sores, or rash
Trichomoniasis - ansan STD caused by a microscopic protozoan that results in infections of
the vagina, urethra, and bladder
Trichomoniasis symptoms - ansItching, burning, redness, sores, dysuria, clear, white yellow,
or green vaginal discharge with a fishy smell
Vaginal candidiasis - ansa vaginal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Candida
albicans; also known as a yeast infection.
Vaginal Candidiasis symptoms - ansItching, soreness, dyspareunia, dysuria, abnormal vaginal
discharge (thick, white)
Bacterial vaginosis - ansAn overgrowth of bacteria in the vagina; characterized by itching,
burning, or pain, and possibly a "fishy" smelling discharge.
Ovarian cysts - anscollections of fluid within a sac (cyst) in the ovary
Follicular cysts - anstransient condition in which the dominant follicle fails to rupture
corpus leutum cyst - ansHighly vascularized cysts formed by the granulosa cells left behind
after ovulation
Can rupture and cause hemorrhage
Dermoid cyst - ansovarian teratomas that contain elements of all three germ layers. Have
malignant potential
Cervical cancer - ansMalignant cell growth in the cervix; can be caused by HPV virus.
Normal cervical cells change to dysplasia to carcinoma in situ and eventually invasive cancer.
Predominantly asymptomatic
Vulvar cancer - ans-Usually squamous cell carcinoma
,NSG530 Exam 1-4 set with 100%
Correct Answers.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
-Associated with HPV, increasing age, previous cancer, autoimmune conditions, and
immunosuppression
Endometrial cancer - ansmalignant tumor of the endometrium (also called uterine cancer).
Primary risk factor is unopposed estrogen exposure (without progesterone). Manifested by
abnormal vaginal bleeding.
Ovarian cancer - ansmalignant tumor of the ovary. Usually no early symptoms
Paraphimosis - anscondition in which a retracted foreskin cannot be pulled forward to cover
the glans
Phimosis - ansInability to retract foreskin. Frequently caused by poor hygiene
Peyronie's disease - ans"Bent nail syndrome". Slow development of fibrous plaques in the
erectile tissue of the corpus cavernosa, causing lateral curvature of the penis during erection
Priapism - ansProlonged erection. Urologic emergency. Have to drain blood from the penis.
Balantitis - ansInflammation of the glans penis. Accumulation under the foreskin can irritate
the glans and lead to infection.
Category 1 prostatitis - ans-acute bacterial prostatitis
-Ascending infection of the urinary tract
-infection stimulates an inflammatory response in which the prostate becomes enlarged,
tender, firm, or boggy
Category 2 prostatitis - anschronic bacterial prostatitis. Recurrent urinary tract symptoms and
persistence of pathogenic bacteria in urine or prostatic fluid. Prostate may be fibrotic from
frequent infection.
Category 3 prostatitis - anschronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain. No pathogenic bacteria can
be localized to the prostate.
-category 3a- chronic pelvic pain syndrome with WBC count elevated and localized to
prostate
-category 3b- noninflammatory
Category 4 prostatitis - ansAsymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis. There is an increase in
bacteria and WBC localized to the prostate.
GERD - ansReflux of gastric contents into the esophagus
GERD symptoms - ans-Heartburn 30-60 minutes after meals with reclining
-Relief with antacids
-Regurgitation/reflux
-Dysphagia
-Asthma
-Cough
-Laryngitis
-Sore throat
-Chest pain
Hiatal hernia - ansA condition in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the
chest, through an opening in the diaphragm.
Peptic Ulcer Disease - ansA break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower
esophagus, stomach, or duodenum.
-superficial: Erosions
, NSG530 Exam 1-4 set with 100%
Correct Answers.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
Duodenal ulcers - ansUlcers of the small intestine caused by NSAIDs and Helicobacter pylori
infection. Characterized by intermittent pain in the epigastric area
-relieved rapidly by ingestion of foods or antacids
Ulcerative colitis - ansa chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of
inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation.
Symptoms of ulcerative colitis - anshematochezia, diarrhea with mucus/pus, tenesmus, rectal
urgency
Chron's disease - ansA chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the
digestive tract. Skip lesions. Ulcerations that can cause fissures that extend into the
lymphatics. Anemia may result from the malabsorption of B vitamins and folic acid.
Celiac disease - ansGluten causes inflammation in the small intestine which leads to
malabsorption and decreased functionality. Bloating, chronic diarrhea, constipation, gas,
loose stools, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
Pancreatitis - ansInflammation of the pancreas. Develops due to an obstruction of the outflow
of pancreatic enzymes caused by bile and pancreatic duct obstruction
Acute pancreatitis - ansMay result from drugs, cellular injury from alcohol, or viral infection
-epigastric or midabdominal constant pain
Chronic pancreatitis - ansProcess of progressive fibrotic destruction of the pancreas
Related to chronic alcohol abuse
Continuous or intermittent abdominal pain and weight loss are common
Risk factor for pancreatic cancer
Cirrhosis - ansirreversible, chronic, progressive degeneration of liver w/fibrosis. s/s: fatigue,
hepatomegaly, RUQ pain, jaundice, steatorrhea, clay-colored stools, ascities, hepatic
encephalopathy. Rx: steroids, vit B.
Alcoholic liver disease - ansA degenerative liver condition that occurs in three stages: (1)
fatty liver, (2) alcoholic hepatitis, and (3) cirrhosis.
Portal hypertension - ansElevation of blood pressure within the portal venous system.
Esophageal varices - ansEnlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus caused
by portal hypertension. Rupture leads to hemorrhage. Vomiting leads to large amounts of
blood, black or tarry stools, lightheadedness, loss of consciousness
Hepatic encephalopathy - ansCells in the nervous system are vulnerable to neurotoxins
absorbed by the GI tract that, because of liver dysfunction, circulate to the brain. s/s: change
in LOC, memory loss, asterixis (flapping tremor) impaired handwriting, hyperventilation w/
resp alkalosis. Rx: lactulose, low protein, safety, rest
Biliary atresia - ansCongenital absence of the opening from the common bile duct into small
intestine (duodenum). Plugging, inflammation, and fibrosis of the bile ducts and cholestasis.
Jaundice is the primary symptom. Liver-transplant for long-term therapy.
Pyloric stenosis - ansNarrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum. Forceful and
nonbilious vomiting immediately after feeding. Vomiting causes weight loss, electrolyte
imbalance, and dehydration. Hypertonic pylorus is palpable in RUQ.
Intussusception - ansTelescoping of a segment of the intestine into a distal segment, causing
an obstruction. Causes bleeding, necrosis, and bowel perforation, if not treated. Abdominal
Correct Answers.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
Pyelonephritis - ansinflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney
Chronic Pyelonephritis - ansInterstitial fibrosis and atrophy of tubules due to multiple bouts
of acute pyelonephritis
Can be associated with chronic UTI's, vesicoureteral reflux, or kidney stones
Cystitis - ansInflammation of the bladder
Common pathogens are E. Coli and staphylococcus saphrophyticus
Symptoms of cystitis - ansFrequency, urgency, dysuria, lower back pain
Renal cell carcinoma - anscancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells
Renal adenoma - anssmall, slow-growing glandular noncancerous tumor of the kidney
Renal transitional cell carcinoma - ansrare and primarily arises in the renal parenchyma and
renal pelvis.
Transitional cell carcinoma - ansa malignant tumor of the urinary tract that is often found
within the urinary bladder or within the renal pelvis. Generally occurs in older men. Gross
painless hematuria
Gomerulonephritis - ansinflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney
Primary glomerulonephritis - ansinflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys that occurs
independently of other chronic conditions; usually the result of an acute infectious process
secondary glomerulonephritis - ansinflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys that results
from other chronic conditions, such as lupus erythematosus or diabetes.
Symptoms of glomerulonephritis - ansHematuria with red blood cell casts, proteinuria with
albumin, oliguria, HTN, edema, nephrotic sediment
Types of glomerulonephritis - ans- membranous nephropathy/ glomerulonephritis
- rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis
-Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (goodpasture syndrome)
- chronic glomerulonephritis
-diabetic neuropathy
Nephrotic syndrome - ansloss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through
urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
Causes of nephrotic syndrome - ansMembranous glomerulonephritis
Minimal change nephropathy
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
-systemic disease such as diabetes or lupus
Hypospadias - anscongenital abnormality in which the male urethral opening is on the
undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip
Epispadias - ansOpening of the urethra on the superior surface of the penis
Chordee - ansa downward curvature of the penis, often associated with hypospadias
Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor) - ansA rapidly developing malignancy of the kidneys,
usually affecting children before age 5. Normally found by parents due to swelling.
PCOS diagnosis - ansHave to have two of the following:
-Irregular ovulation
-Elevated levels of androgen
-Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
,NSG530 Exam 1-4 set with 100%
Correct Answers.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) - ansAn endocrine disorder associated with chronic
anovulation, most common in young women (teens to twenties). High LH/FSH ratio in blood;
A hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges.
Chlamydia - ansA bacterial infection that affects the reproductive organs of both males and
females. Can cause permanent damage to a woman's reproductive system. Can also cause
ectopic pregnancy.
Symptoms of Chlamydia - ansurethritis; penile and vaginal discharges; abdominal, rectal, or
testicular pain; painful intercourse; irregular menses
Syphilis - ansan STD that attacks many parts of the body and is caused by a small bacterium
called a spirochete. 3 phases
Primary stage of syphilis - ansthe first few weeks of a syphilis infection during which the
chancre is present and can be present on the mouth, penis, vagina, anus
secondary stage of syphilis - ansSkin rashes and/or sores in the mouth, vagina, or anus. A
rash that appears on the soles of the feet or palms. Fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat,
patchy hair loss, headaches, weight loss, muscle aches, fatigue
Latent syphilis - ansthe third stage of syphilis, which may last for years, during which
symptoms disappear although the person is still infected
Tertiary syphilis - ansDamages internal organs and can result in death if not treated
Ghonnorea - ansInfects the mucus membrane of the reproductive tract including the cervix,
uterus, and fallopian tubes in women. The urethra can be affected in women and men
Ghonnorea symptoms - ansDischarge, dysuria, unusual sores, or rash
Trichomoniasis - ansan STD caused by a microscopic protozoan that results in infections of
the vagina, urethra, and bladder
Trichomoniasis symptoms - ansItching, burning, redness, sores, dysuria, clear, white yellow,
or green vaginal discharge with a fishy smell
Vaginal candidiasis - ansa vaginal infection caused by the yeast-like fungus Candida
albicans; also known as a yeast infection.
Vaginal Candidiasis symptoms - ansItching, soreness, dyspareunia, dysuria, abnormal vaginal
discharge (thick, white)
Bacterial vaginosis - ansAn overgrowth of bacteria in the vagina; characterized by itching,
burning, or pain, and possibly a "fishy" smelling discharge.
Ovarian cysts - anscollections of fluid within a sac (cyst) in the ovary
Follicular cysts - anstransient condition in which the dominant follicle fails to rupture
corpus leutum cyst - ansHighly vascularized cysts formed by the granulosa cells left behind
after ovulation
Can rupture and cause hemorrhage
Dermoid cyst - ansovarian teratomas that contain elements of all three germ layers. Have
malignant potential
Cervical cancer - ansMalignant cell growth in the cervix; can be caused by HPV virus.
Normal cervical cells change to dysplasia to carcinoma in situ and eventually invasive cancer.
Predominantly asymptomatic
Vulvar cancer - ans-Usually squamous cell carcinoma
,NSG530 Exam 1-4 set with 100%
Correct Answers.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
-Associated with HPV, increasing age, previous cancer, autoimmune conditions, and
immunosuppression
Endometrial cancer - ansmalignant tumor of the endometrium (also called uterine cancer).
Primary risk factor is unopposed estrogen exposure (without progesterone). Manifested by
abnormal vaginal bleeding.
Ovarian cancer - ansmalignant tumor of the ovary. Usually no early symptoms
Paraphimosis - anscondition in which a retracted foreskin cannot be pulled forward to cover
the glans
Phimosis - ansInability to retract foreskin. Frequently caused by poor hygiene
Peyronie's disease - ans"Bent nail syndrome". Slow development of fibrous plaques in the
erectile tissue of the corpus cavernosa, causing lateral curvature of the penis during erection
Priapism - ansProlonged erection. Urologic emergency. Have to drain blood from the penis.
Balantitis - ansInflammation of the glans penis. Accumulation under the foreskin can irritate
the glans and lead to infection.
Category 1 prostatitis - ans-acute bacterial prostatitis
-Ascending infection of the urinary tract
-infection stimulates an inflammatory response in which the prostate becomes enlarged,
tender, firm, or boggy
Category 2 prostatitis - anschronic bacterial prostatitis. Recurrent urinary tract symptoms and
persistence of pathogenic bacteria in urine or prostatic fluid. Prostate may be fibrotic from
frequent infection.
Category 3 prostatitis - anschronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain. No pathogenic bacteria can
be localized to the prostate.
-category 3a- chronic pelvic pain syndrome with WBC count elevated and localized to
prostate
-category 3b- noninflammatory
Category 4 prostatitis - ansAsymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis. There is an increase in
bacteria and WBC localized to the prostate.
GERD - ansReflux of gastric contents into the esophagus
GERD symptoms - ans-Heartburn 30-60 minutes after meals with reclining
-Relief with antacids
-Regurgitation/reflux
-Dysphagia
-Asthma
-Cough
-Laryngitis
-Sore throat
-Chest pain
Hiatal hernia - ansA condition in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the
chest, through an opening in the diaphragm.
Peptic Ulcer Disease - ansA break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower
esophagus, stomach, or duodenum.
-superficial: Erosions
, NSG530 Exam 1-4 set with 100%
Correct Answers.
Latest Updated 2025/2026
Duodenal ulcers - ansUlcers of the small intestine caused by NSAIDs and Helicobacter pylori
infection. Characterized by intermittent pain in the epigastric area
-relieved rapidly by ingestion of foods or antacids
Ulcerative colitis - ansa chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of
inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation.
Symptoms of ulcerative colitis - anshematochezia, diarrhea with mucus/pus, tenesmus, rectal
urgency
Chron's disease - ansA chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the
digestive tract. Skip lesions. Ulcerations that can cause fissures that extend into the
lymphatics. Anemia may result from the malabsorption of B vitamins and folic acid.
Celiac disease - ansGluten causes inflammation in the small intestine which leads to
malabsorption and decreased functionality. Bloating, chronic diarrhea, constipation, gas,
loose stools, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
Pancreatitis - ansInflammation of the pancreas. Develops due to an obstruction of the outflow
of pancreatic enzymes caused by bile and pancreatic duct obstruction
Acute pancreatitis - ansMay result from drugs, cellular injury from alcohol, or viral infection
-epigastric or midabdominal constant pain
Chronic pancreatitis - ansProcess of progressive fibrotic destruction of the pancreas
Related to chronic alcohol abuse
Continuous or intermittent abdominal pain and weight loss are common
Risk factor for pancreatic cancer
Cirrhosis - ansirreversible, chronic, progressive degeneration of liver w/fibrosis. s/s: fatigue,
hepatomegaly, RUQ pain, jaundice, steatorrhea, clay-colored stools, ascities, hepatic
encephalopathy. Rx: steroids, vit B.
Alcoholic liver disease - ansA degenerative liver condition that occurs in three stages: (1)
fatty liver, (2) alcoholic hepatitis, and (3) cirrhosis.
Portal hypertension - ansElevation of blood pressure within the portal venous system.
Esophageal varices - ansEnlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus caused
by portal hypertension. Rupture leads to hemorrhage. Vomiting leads to large amounts of
blood, black or tarry stools, lightheadedness, loss of consciousness
Hepatic encephalopathy - ansCells in the nervous system are vulnerable to neurotoxins
absorbed by the GI tract that, because of liver dysfunction, circulate to the brain. s/s: change
in LOC, memory loss, asterixis (flapping tremor) impaired handwriting, hyperventilation w/
resp alkalosis. Rx: lactulose, low protein, safety, rest
Biliary atresia - ansCongenital absence of the opening from the common bile duct into small
intestine (duodenum). Plugging, inflammation, and fibrosis of the bile ducts and cholestasis.
Jaundice is the primary symptom. Liver-transplant for long-term therapy.
Pyloric stenosis - ansNarrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum. Forceful and
nonbilious vomiting immediately after feeding. Vomiting causes weight loss, electrolyte
imbalance, and dehydration. Hypertonic pylorus is palpable in RUQ.
Intussusception - ansTelescoping of a segment of the intestine into a distal segment, causing
an obstruction. Causes bleeding, necrosis, and bowel perforation, if not treated. Abdominal
