GEOG 2051 Final for Namikas 2025-
2026 Test Questions With 100%
Correct Answers.
Primary Coasts - Answer those that have been formed by terrestrial processes like Rias,
Deltas and Fjords
Secondary Coasts - Answer Have been modified by marine processes
Erosional Features - Answer Those where the landscape is remnants of what is left behind
when coastal erosion occurs
Cliffs - Answer eroded by waves
Wave cut Platform - Answer 1. Sea Erodes cliff
2.Wave cuts notch (cave) and weakens cliff
3.Cliff eventually collapses
Will keep extending but only to a limit. Need uplift of land or sea level fault.
Terraces - Answer Step like landform caused by erosion
Arches - Answer Occurs when wave erosions cut through a cave in a headline
Stacks - Answer Isolated chunks that the remaining headlines
Depositional Features - Answer Generally sedimentary, created as result of the deposition of
material by marine processes
Beaches - Answer Dynamic, dramatic changes during storms
Fair weather/Swell Waves - Answer Low steepness, long, and tends to be an onshore
movement of sand. Return flow slower and moves less sediment. The result is that the beach
,Spits - Answer Result of longshore transport and sudden change in coastline
Tombolos - Answer Similar to spits. Transported by longshore transport. Perpendicular to
shoreline. Built behind an obstruction, rock, shipwreck, whatever can cause the current to slow.
Connects island to mainland.
Barrier Islands - Answer Long, linear ridges of sand 10m to 100km long. Separated by narrow
and shallow bodies of water.
Formation - Answer Spit Extension (Mid Atlantic) eventually breaks in half to form an island.
Rollover - Answer Sea levels rise and the island rolls over like a tractor tread
Washover - Answer Drown in place= when sea levels rise over ridge connected to a mainland
and the trough between the ridge becomes filled the water. Huge clump of sediment pushed
over to the landward side of the barrier island.
Peat Outcrop - Answer Related to rollover like a tractor. Organic soil from marsh, indicates
that the island has been moving landward because peat can only form on the low energy land
side
Coral Reefs - Answer Most biologically diverse and fragile. Natural alarm systems.
Exoskeleton made of limestone. Lots found in Western Pacific.
Distribution and Controls for Coral Reefs - Answer Wave patterns effect where coral reefs are
located
Fringing reefs - Answer forms in shallow water hugging the coastline of a volcanic island; the
reef grows and fills in around the entire island. The island moves off the hot spot and begins to
sink.
Barrier Reef - Answer separated from the island be a lagoon or bay; a protective structure.
The island completes its descent into the water until submerged.
, Human Impacts - Answer Populations on coastlines are increasing, Sea level is rising which
allows more storms in which allows them to go farther inland and causes erosion.
Dealing with Erosion Problems - Answer Involves building structures at shorelines that 2
basic purposes: 1. intercept or designed to redirect sediment transport 2. Reduces wave energy
levels and redirect sediment relocation
Hard Protection - Answer Reduce levels of wave energy acting on the coastline so it will
reduce rates of erosion or redirects the path of the sediment is moved alone; reduces or
eliminates the loss of sediment
Groins - Answer large walls perpendicular to the beach that intercept sand and sediment
moved by longshore currents and wave action. Sediment is blocked and accumulates on the
beach. Downfall of this is that they shift the erosion problem over. The down drift has no sand
Breakwaters - Answer walls that are parallel to the beach, may be solid concrete or large
blocks of rock; they are located in the nearshore zone; the idea is that waves will break on the
wall and consume some sort of energy of the wave, reducing the amount of the energy put on
the shoreline. If done right, they will create tom bolo's and artificial beach.
Jetties - Answer short, perpendicular walls; the purpose is to keep the inlet fixed and in
place, the problem is they cause erosion on one side of the coastline
Soft Protection - Answer Try to work with the natural systems to mimic the systems already
there like adding sand and replace materials that were lost to erosion
Beach Nourishment - Answer pumping sand into a coastline location; adding sand and
sediment to the beach area to replenish the supply; a maintenance procedure that doesn't last
long (6-8 years)
Retreat - Answer Moving infrastructure and populations inward, away from the coastlines
Cryosphere - Answer "frozen world" As global temperatures change, so does the spatial
range of the area. Includes areas covered by glacial items, ice sheets, also areas underlying by
permafrost. The geography is controlled by climate.
2026 Test Questions With 100%
Correct Answers.
Primary Coasts - Answer those that have been formed by terrestrial processes like Rias,
Deltas and Fjords
Secondary Coasts - Answer Have been modified by marine processes
Erosional Features - Answer Those where the landscape is remnants of what is left behind
when coastal erosion occurs
Cliffs - Answer eroded by waves
Wave cut Platform - Answer 1. Sea Erodes cliff
2.Wave cuts notch (cave) and weakens cliff
3.Cliff eventually collapses
Will keep extending but only to a limit. Need uplift of land or sea level fault.
Terraces - Answer Step like landform caused by erosion
Arches - Answer Occurs when wave erosions cut through a cave in a headline
Stacks - Answer Isolated chunks that the remaining headlines
Depositional Features - Answer Generally sedimentary, created as result of the deposition of
material by marine processes
Beaches - Answer Dynamic, dramatic changes during storms
Fair weather/Swell Waves - Answer Low steepness, long, and tends to be an onshore
movement of sand. Return flow slower and moves less sediment. The result is that the beach
,Spits - Answer Result of longshore transport and sudden change in coastline
Tombolos - Answer Similar to spits. Transported by longshore transport. Perpendicular to
shoreline. Built behind an obstruction, rock, shipwreck, whatever can cause the current to slow.
Connects island to mainland.
Barrier Islands - Answer Long, linear ridges of sand 10m to 100km long. Separated by narrow
and shallow bodies of water.
Formation - Answer Spit Extension (Mid Atlantic) eventually breaks in half to form an island.
Rollover - Answer Sea levels rise and the island rolls over like a tractor tread
Washover - Answer Drown in place= when sea levels rise over ridge connected to a mainland
and the trough between the ridge becomes filled the water. Huge clump of sediment pushed
over to the landward side of the barrier island.
Peat Outcrop - Answer Related to rollover like a tractor. Organic soil from marsh, indicates
that the island has been moving landward because peat can only form on the low energy land
side
Coral Reefs - Answer Most biologically diverse and fragile. Natural alarm systems.
Exoskeleton made of limestone. Lots found in Western Pacific.
Distribution and Controls for Coral Reefs - Answer Wave patterns effect where coral reefs are
located
Fringing reefs - Answer forms in shallow water hugging the coastline of a volcanic island; the
reef grows and fills in around the entire island. The island moves off the hot spot and begins to
sink.
Barrier Reef - Answer separated from the island be a lagoon or bay; a protective structure.
The island completes its descent into the water until submerged.
, Human Impacts - Answer Populations on coastlines are increasing, Sea level is rising which
allows more storms in which allows them to go farther inland and causes erosion.
Dealing with Erosion Problems - Answer Involves building structures at shorelines that 2
basic purposes: 1. intercept or designed to redirect sediment transport 2. Reduces wave energy
levels and redirect sediment relocation
Hard Protection - Answer Reduce levels of wave energy acting on the coastline so it will
reduce rates of erosion or redirects the path of the sediment is moved alone; reduces or
eliminates the loss of sediment
Groins - Answer large walls perpendicular to the beach that intercept sand and sediment
moved by longshore currents and wave action. Sediment is blocked and accumulates on the
beach. Downfall of this is that they shift the erosion problem over. The down drift has no sand
Breakwaters - Answer walls that are parallel to the beach, may be solid concrete or large
blocks of rock; they are located in the nearshore zone; the idea is that waves will break on the
wall and consume some sort of energy of the wave, reducing the amount of the energy put on
the shoreline. If done right, they will create tom bolo's and artificial beach.
Jetties - Answer short, perpendicular walls; the purpose is to keep the inlet fixed and in
place, the problem is they cause erosion on one side of the coastline
Soft Protection - Answer Try to work with the natural systems to mimic the systems already
there like adding sand and replace materials that were lost to erosion
Beach Nourishment - Answer pumping sand into a coastline location; adding sand and
sediment to the beach area to replenish the supply; a maintenance procedure that doesn't last
long (6-8 years)
Retreat - Answer Moving infrastructure and populations inward, away from the coastlines
Cryosphere - Answer "frozen world" As global temperatures change, so does the spatial
range of the area. Includes areas covered by glacial items, ice sheets, also areas underlying by
permafrost. The geography is controlled by climate.
