MDC 2 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Key gastric secretions - ANS Hydrochloric acid (HCl) - Breaks down food, kills bacteria.
Pepsin - Digests proteins (converted from pepsinogen).
Intrinsic factor - Binds to vitamin B12 for absorption in the ileum.
Digestive Enzymes - ANS Trypsin - Digests protein
Amylase - Digests starch
Lipase - Digests fat
GI disorders increase with age, including... - ANS Dysphagia
Anorexia
Dyspepsia (indigestion)
Colonic motility issues
Signs of oral cancer - ANS white/red plaques, ulcers, nodules
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) - ANS Noninvasive, ideal for soft tissues, blood vessels,
and GI bleeding sources.
CT Scan (Computed Tomography) - ANS Produces cross-sectional abdominal images; useful
for detecting appendicitis, diverticulitis, liver/kidney/pancreas issues, etc.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Lower GI Tract Study (Barium Enema) - ANS Evaluates colon for tumors, polyps, or structural
issues.
Upper GI Tract Study - ANS Uses barium (or other agents) and fluoroscopy to assess
esophagus, stomach, and small intestine for abnormalities (e.g., ulcers, tumors, motility
disorders).
Colonoscopy - ANS Procedure: Patient lies on left side with knees drawn up. A flexible scope
is used to visualize the colon; biopsies or brushings can be taken.
Complications: Can include cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory depression, vasovagal reactions,
and circulatory imbalance.
Pedigree - ANS A diagrammatic representation of a family history
Epigenetics - ANS Changes in gene expression caused by environment or behavior (without
altering DNA itself).
Genomics - ANS Study of all genes, their interactions, and how they interact with the
environment.
How does personalized medicine differ in the Genomic Era? - ANS Focuses on gene-gene and
gene-environment interactions
Identifies disease risks early
Targets treatment to individual genetic profiles
Shifts from treating symptoms to preventing disease
Nurses use genomics to individualize care such as... - ANS considering family history of
cardiovascular disease and recognizing genetic factors like lipid metabolism or clotting
disorders.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Monosomy - ANS Missing a chromosome (e.g., Turner syndrome = only one X chromosome in
females).
Sickle cell disease - ANS Caused by a small mutation in the hemoglobin gene.
Leads to production of abnormal hemoglobin S.
Results in severe anemia and organ damage due to poor oxygen delivery (hypoxia).
Incomplete (reduced) penetrance - ANS Not all individuals with the mutation develop
symptoms (e.g., BRCA1 mutation carriers have up to 80% risk, not 100%).
multifactorial inheritance - ANS Result of genetic and environmental factors; no clear
inheritance pattern; may recur in families
Congenital heart defects, diabetes, cleft lip/palate, Alzheimer's disease, high blood pressure
Mitochondrial inheritance - ANS Passed exclusively through the mother; all children affected
X-Linked inheritence - ANS Vertical transmission, mostly affects males
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance - ANS Horizontal transmission, affects males and females
equally, often linked to consanguinity or specific ethnic groups
autosomal dominant inheritance - ANS Vertical transmission, affects males and females
equally, variable expression, reduced penetrance in some, linked to advanced paternal age in
sporadic cases
Aneuploidy - ANS Presence of extra or missing chromosomes causes birth defects and
intellectual disabilities. Usually sporadic, not passed down through generations.
Conditions Identified via Genetic Testing - ANS Lynch syndrome (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2
mutations)
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
ANSWERS GRADED A+ 2025/2026
Key gastric secretions - ANS Hydrochloric acid (HCl) - Breaks down food, kills bacteria.
Pepsin - Digests proteins (converted from pepsinogen).
Intrinsic factor - Binds to vitamin B12 for absorption in the ileum.
Digestive Enzymes - ANS Trypsin - Digests protein
Amylase - Digests starch
Lipase - Digests fat
GI disorders increase with age, including... - ANS Dysphagia
Anorexia
Dyspepsia (indigestion)
Colonic motility issues
Signs of oral cancer - ANS white/red plaques, ulcers, nodules
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) - ANS Noninvasive, ideal for soft tissues, blood vessels,
and GI bleeding sources.
CT Scan (Computed Tomography) - ANS Produces cross-sectional abdominal images; useful
for detecting appendicitis, diverticulitis, liver/kidney/pancreas issues, etc.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Lower GI Tract Study (Barium Enema) - ANS Evaluates colon for tumors, polyps, or structural
issues.
Upper GI Tract Study - ANS Uses barium (or other agents) and fluoroscopy to assess
esophagus, stomach, and small intestine for abnormalities (e.g., ulcers, tumors, motility
disorders).
Colonoscopy - ANS Procedure: Patient lies on left side with knees drawn up. A flexible scope
is used to visualize the colon; biopsies or brushings can be taken.
Complications: Can include cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory depression, vasovagal reactions,
and circulatory imbalance.
Pedigree - ANS A diagrammatic representation of a family history
Epigenetics - ANS Changes in gene expression caused by environment or behavior (without
altering DNA itself).
Genomics - ANS Study of all genes, their interactions, and how they interact with the
environment.
How does personalized medicine differ in the Genomic Era? - ANS Focuses on gene-gene and
gene-environment interactions
Identifies disease risks early
Targets treatment to individual genetic profiles
Shifts from treating symptoms to preventing disease
Nurses use genomics to individualize care such as... - ANS considering family history of
cardiovascular disease and recognizing genetic factors like lipid metabolism or clotting
disorders.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Monosomy - ANS Missing a chromosome (e.g., Turner syndrome = only one X chromosome in
females).
Sickle cell disease - ANS Caused by a small mutation in the hemoglobin gene.
Leads to production of abnormal hemoglobin S.
Results in severe anemia and organ damage due to poor oxygen delivery (hypoxia).
Incomplete (reduced) penetrance - ANS Not all individuals with the mutation develop
symptoms (e.g., BRCA1 mutation carriers have up to 80% risk, not 100%).
multifactorial inheritance - ANS Result of genetic and environmental factors; no clear
inheritance pattern; may recur in families
Congenital heart defects, diabetes, cleft lip/palate, Alzheimer's disease, high blood pressure
Mitochondrial inheritance - ANS Passed exclusively through the mother; all children affected
X-Linked inheritence - ANS Vertical transmission, mostly affects males
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance - ANS Horizontal transmission, affects males and females
equally, often linked to consanguinity or specific ethnic groups
autosomal dominant inheritance - ANS Vertical transmission, affects males and females
equally, variable expression, reduced penetrance in some, linked to advanced paternal age in
sporadic cases
Aneuploidy - ANS Presence of extra or missing chromosomes causes birth defects and
intellectual disabilities. Usually sporadic, not passed down through generations.
Conditions Identified via Genetic Testing - ANS Lynch syndrome (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2
mutations)
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
