GENETICS FINAL EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2025/2026
Describe what a diploid organism is and what homologous chromosomes are - ANS -Diploid
(2 sets of chromosomes from each parent)
-Homologous chromosomes (each pair of chromosomes that code for the same thing from each
parent)
Describe what sister chromatids are - ANS Once DNA replicates in the S phase, it produces 2
sister chromatids in each chromosome
Draw & name the 4 different types of eukaryotic chromosomes - ANS 1. Submetacentric
2. Metacentric
3. Telocentric
4. Acrocentric
Draw the cell cycle as shown in Figure 2.9 and know what occurs in each stage -
ANS Interphase (G1 grow, G0 nondividing, G1-S checkpoint, S DNA duplication, G2 mitosis
prep, G2-M checkpoint)
Mitosis (M, spindle checkpoint, cytokinesis)
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,Know what happens in each stage of mitosis - ANS -Prophase (spindle form, chromosomes
condense)
-Prometaphase (nucleus dissolves, spindle attach)
-Metaphase (spindle checkpoint, middle lineup)
-Anaphase (chromatids split)
-Telophase (nucleus forms, chromosomes relax)
Know the purpose of mitosis: - ANS to produce 2 genetically identical cells
Apply knowledge of the cell cycle to determine chromosome number and DNA molecule
number in each stage - ANS G1 (6, 6)
S (6, 12)
G2 (6, 12)
Pro/Prometaphase (6, 12)
Metaphase (6, 12)
Anaphase (12, 12)
Telophase/Cyto (6, 6)
Know the purpose of meiosis (gametogenesis): - ANS to create gametes for sexual
reproduction
Know the results of meiosis: - ANS 4 genetically variable cells whose chromosome # has been
halved
Differentiate between the two divisions that occur in meiosis: - ANS reduction division
(chromosome # reduced by half) and equational division (similar to mitosis)
Know the order of stages of meiosis and understand what occurs in each stage - ANS M.1: P.1
(Chromosomes condense, synapsis, crossing over, nucleus breakdown), M.1 (Homo.
chromosomes line up via random assortment), A.1, T.1/Cytokinesis
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,M.2: Very similar to mitosis (PMAT)
What is interkinesis? - ANS Short interphase between M.1 and M.2 in which the nucleus
reassembles and chromosomes relax. If interkinesis does not occur, P.2 will be skipped.
Be able to compare/contrast the events of mitosis and meiosis - ANS -Compare (Meiosis 2
and Mitosis are almost exactly the same)
-Contrast:(Prometaphase does not exist in Meiosis. Meiosis produces 4 genetically variable
products whereas mitosis produces 2 genetically identical cells.)
Explain how genetic variation is created in meiosis - ANS Two main ways: Crossing over
during P.1 and independent assortment during A.1
Describe spermatogenesis - ANS Spermatogonium (2n) → Primary Spermatocyte (2n) →
Secondary Spermatocyte x2 (n) → Spermatids x4 (n) → Sperm x4 (n)
Describe oogenesis - ANS Oogonium (2n) → Primary Oocyte (2n) → Secondary Oocyte (n) +
1st Polar Body → Ovum (n) + 2nd Polar Body
Define Gene - ANS inherited DNA factor that codes for characteristics
Define Allele - ANS form of a gene
Define Locus - ANS location of an allele on a chromosome
Define Genotype - ANS set of alleles of an organism
Define Homozygote - ANS an individual with 2 of the same alleles at a locus
Define Heterozygote - ANS an individual with 2 different alleles at a locus
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Define Character - ANS an organism's attribute
Define Phenotype - ANS manifestation of a character
Define the concept of dominance. - ANS when two different alleles are present in a genotype,
only the trait encoded by one of them (the dominant allele) is observed in the phenotype
Define the principle of segregation. - ANS -Each individual possesses two factors (alleles)
coding for a trait (1 from mom, 1 from dad)
-These two factors separate when gametes are formed
How do you predict progeny rations for monohybrid crosses? - ANS -Punnet Square
-Probability Method
-Memorize Ratios
How do you use the multiplication rule? - ANS -Events must be independent
-"and" is the key word
-Multiply each of the probabilities
How do you use the addition rule? - ANS -Events must be mutually exclusive
-"or" is the key word
-Add together the probabilities
How do you use binomial expansion to solve more complex problems? - ANS (a + b)^n
a=P of event 1
b=P of event 2
n=total number of times an event occurs
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2025/2026
Describe what a diploid organism is and what homologous chromosomes are - ANS -Diploid
(2 sets of chromosomes from each parent)
-Homologous chromosomes (each pair of chromosomes that code for the same thing from each
parent)
Describe what sister chromatids are - ANS Once DNA replicates in the S phase, it produces 2
sister chromatids in each chromosome
Draw & name the 4 different types of eukaryotic chromosomes - ANS 1. Submetacentric
2. Metacentric
3. Telocentric
4. Acrocentric
Draw the cell cycle as shown in Figure 2.9 and know what occurs in each stage -
ANS Interphase (G1 grow, G0 nondividing, G1-S checkpoint, S DNA duplication, G2 mitosis
prep, G2-M checkpoint)
Mitosis (M, spindle checkpoint, cytokinesis)
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Know what happens in each stage of mitosis - ANS -Prophase (spindle form, chromosomes
condense)
-Prometaphase (nucleus dissolves, spindle attach)
-Metaphase (spindle checkpoint, middle lineup)
-Anaphase (chromatids split)
-Telophase (nucleus forms, chromosomes relax)
Know the purpose of mitosis: - ANS to produce 2 genetically identical cells
Apply knowledge of the cell cycle to determine chromosome number and DNA molecule
number in each stage - ANS G1 (6, 6)
S (6, 12)
G2 (6, 12)
Pro/Prometaphase (6, 12)
Metaphase (6, 12)
Anaphase (12, 12)
Telophase/Cyto (6, 6)
Know the purpose of meiosis (gametogenesis): - ANS to create gametes for sexual
reproduction
Know the results of meiosis: - ANS 4 genetically variable cells whose chromosome # has been
halved
Differentiate between the two divisions that occur in meiosis: - ANS reduction division
(chromosome # reduced by half) and equational division (similar to mitosis)
Know the order of stages of meiosis and understand what occurs in each stage - ANS M.1: P.1
(Chromosomes condense, synapsis, crossing over, nucleus breakdown), M.1 (Homo.
chromosomes line up via random assortment), A.1, T.1/Cytokinesis
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,M.2: Very similar to mitosis (PMAT)
What is interkinesis? - ANS Short interphase between M.1 and M.2 in which the nucleus
reassembles and chromosomes relax. If interkinesis does not occur, P.2 will be skipped.
Be able to compare/contrast the events of mitosis and meiosis - ANS -Compare (Meiosis 2
and Mitosis are almost exactly the same)
-Contrast:(Prometaphase does not exist in Meiosis. Meiosis produces 4 genetically variable
products whereas mitosis produces 2 genetically identical cells.)
Explain how genetic variation is created in meiosis - ANS Two main ways: Crossing over
during P.1 and independent assortment during A.1
Describe spermatogenesis - ANS Spermatogonium (2n) → Primary Spermatocyte (2n) →
Secondary Spermatocyte x2 (n) → Spermatids x4 (n) → Sperm x4 (n)
Describe oogenesis - ANS Oogonium (2n) → Primary Oocyte (2n) → Secondary Oocyte (n) +
1st Polar Body → Ovum (n) + 2nd Polar Body
Define Gene - ANS inherited DNA factor that codes for characteristics
Define Allele - ANS form of a gene
Define Locus - ANS location of an allele on a chromosome
Define Genotype - ANS set of alleles of an organism
Define Homozygote - ANS an individual with 2 of the same alleles at a locus
Define Heterozygote - ANS an individual with 2 different alleles at a locus
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Define Character - ANS an organism's attribute
Define Phenotype - ANS manifestation of a character
Define the concept of dominance. - ANS when two different alleles are present in a genotype,
only the trait encoded by one of them (the dominant allele) is observed in the phenotype
Define the principle of segregation. - ANS -Each individual possesses two factors (alleles)
coding for a trait (1 from mom, 1 from dad)
-These two factors separate when gametes are formed
How do you predict progeny rations for monohybrid crosses? - ANS -Punnet Square
-Probability Method
-Memorize Ratios
How do you use the multiplication rule? - ANS -Events must be independent
-"and" is the key word
-Multiply each of the probabilities
How do you use the addition rule? - ANS -Events must be mutually exclusive
-"or" is the key word
-Add together the probabilities
How do you use binomial expansion to solve more complex problems? - ANS (a + b)^n
a=P of event 1
b=P of event 2
n=total number of times an event occurs
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
