BIOD 210 GENETICS FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2025/2026
A nucleotide is made up of what 3 components? - ANS phosphate group, pentose sugar
(deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base
What nitrogenous bases are purines - ANS Adenine and Guanine
What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? - ANS cytosine, thymine, uracil
How can you differentiate between purines and pyrimidines? - ANS purines are double-
ringed while pyrimidines are single-ringed
What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - ANS DNA: double stranded, has
deoxyribose sugar(hydroxyl group at 2' carbon), bases: A, T, G, C
RNA: single stranded, has ribose sugar(one oxygen is removed from the 2' Carbon), bases: A, U,
G, C
Nucleoside vs Nucleotide - ANS nucleoside: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base
nucleotide: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group
What type of bonds bind nucleotide chains? - ANS Phosphodiester bonds
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,What are the 4 requirements for a molecule to be genetic material? - ANS 1.) Must contain
important info to encode hereditary traits
2.) Must be capable of replication
3.) Must be capable of variation by mutation
4.) Must be able to express information
Where are chromosomes located? - ANS cell's nucleus
what is a centrosome? - ANS location in the cell that contains centrioles
What are centrioles? - ANS microtubules that produce mitotic spindle fibers, aids in cell
division, and make up the cytoskeleton of the cell
How many centrioles are there for every centrosome? - ANS 2 centrioles/1 centrosome
How many copies of each type of chromosome does each eukaryotic cell typically have? -
ANS 2 copies
what are homologous chromosomes? - ANS copies of the same type of DNA
What are non-homologous chromosomes? - ANS copies of different chromosomes with
different DNA
What is mitosis? - ANS cell division of one cell into 2 exact duplicates
What are the six stages of Mitosis in order? - ANS interphase, prophase, prometaphase,
metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
What happens during mitosis interphase? - ANS mitosis stage that the cell is primarily in
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, chromosomes are uncondensed, so they are just hanging out in the nucleus
1 centrosome < 2 centrioles
What happens during interphase s-phase? - ANS Centrosome replication ( 2 centrosomes < 4
centrioles) occurs and chromosome replication occurs (still uncondensed)
What happens during mitosis prophase? - ANS centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
using spindle fibers
nuclear membrane breaks down
chromatin (DNA) condenses into chromosomes (the "x"'s); bound by a kinetochore that attracts
mitotic spindle fibers
What happens during mitosis prometaphase? - ANS centrioles have reached polar regions
and mitotic spindle fibers have connected to the kinetochore
What happens during mitosis metaphase - ANS all chromosomes are lined up on the
metaphase plate
What happens during mitosis Anaphase? - ANS mitotic spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart
into chromatids (4n)
What happens during mitosis telophase? - ANS nuclear envelope reforms
plasmo-membrane is pinched; sister chromatids are still condensed at this point
What happens during cytokinesis? - ANS cells split off; genetic material becomes
uncondensed
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
2025/2026
A nucleotide is made up of what 3 components? - ANS phosphate group, pentose sugar
(deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base
What nitrogenous bases are purines - ANS Adenine and Guanine
What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? - ANS cytosine, thymine, uracil
How can you differentiate between purines and pyrimidines? - ANS purines are double-
ringed while pyrimidines are single-ringed
What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - ANS DNA: double stranded, has
deoxyribose sugar(hydroxyl group at 2' carbon), bases: A, T, G, C
RNA: single stranded, has ribose sugar(one oxygen is removed from the 2' Carbon), bases: A, U,
G, C
Nucleoside vs Nucleotide - ANS nucleoside: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base
nucleotide: pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group
What type of bonds bind nucleotide chains? - ANS Phosphodiester bonds
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,What are the 4 requirements for a molecule to be genetic material? - ANS 1.) Must contain
important info to encode hereditary traits
2.) Must be capable of replication
3.) Must be capable of variation by mutation
4.) Must be able to express information
Where are chromosomes located? - ANS cell's nucleus
what is a centrosome? - ANS location in the cell that contains centrioles
What are centrioles? - ANS microtubules that produce mitotic spindle fibers, aids in cell
division, and make up the cytoskeleton of the cell
How many centrioles are there for every centrosome? - ANS 2 centrioles/1 centrosome
How many copies of each type of chromosome does each eukaryotic cell typically have? -
ANS 2 copies
what are homologous chromosomes? - ANS copies of the same type of DNA
What are non-homologous chromosomes? - ANS copies of different chromosomes with
different DNA
What is mitosis? - ANS cell division of one cell into 2 exact duplicates
What are the six stages of Mitosis in order? - ANS interphase, prophase, prometaphase,
metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
What happens during mitosis interphase? - ANS mitosis stage that the cell is primarily in
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, chromosomes are uncondensed, so they are just hanging out in the nucleus
1 centrosome < 2 centrioles
What happens during interphase s-phase? - ANS Centrosome replication ( 2 centrosomes < 4
centrioles) occurs and chromosome replication occurs (still uncondensed)
What happens during mitosis prophase? - ANS centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
using spindle fibers
nuclear membrane breaks down
chromatin (DNA) condenses into chromosomes (the "x"'s); bound by a kinetochore that attracts
mitotic spindle fibers
What happens during mitosis prometaphase? - ANS centrioles have reached polar regions
and mitotic spindle fibers have connected to the kinetochore
What happens during mitosis metaphase - ANS all chromosomes are lined up on the
metaphase plate
What happens during mitosis Anaphase? - ANS mitotic spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart
into chromatids (4n)
What happens during mitosis telophase? - ANS nuclear envelope reforms
plasmo-membrane is pinched; sister chromatids are still condensed at this point
What happens during cytokinesis? - ANS cells split off; genetic material becomes
uncondensed
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
