HDFS 401 UPDATED FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Maturation - CORRECT ANSWERS A biologically determined process of growth that
unfolds over a period. (3)
Transactional - CORRECT ANSWERS Ongoing interchanges between social partners such as
a parent and child across time that results in modifications of the social behavior of each. (5)
Social Dyad - CORRECT ANSWERS A pair of social partners, such as friends, parent and
child or marital partners (5)
Multifinality - CORRECT ANSWERS The divergence of developmental path in which two
individuals start out similarly but end very different points. (11)
Equifinality - CORRECT ANSWERS The convergence of developmental paths in which
chidlren follow very different paths to reach the same developmental end point. (11).
Psychodynamic - CORRECT ANSWERS Freud's theory that development is determined by
innate biologically based drives shaped by encounters with the environment in early childhood.
(13)
ID - CORRECT ANSWERS In Freud's theory, instinctual dries that operate on the basis of
the pleasure principle (13)
Ego - CORRECT ANSWERS In Freud's theory, the rational component of the personality,
which tries to satisfy needs through appropriate, socially acceptable behaviors. (13)
,Superego - CORRECT ANSWERS In Freud's theory, the personality component that is the
repository of the child's internalization of parental or societal values, morals, and roles. (13)
Oedipus Complex - CORRECT ANSWERS Freud's theory that boys become attracted to
their mother and jealous of their fathers. (14)
Electra complex - CORRECT ANSWERS According to Freud, girls blame their mother for
their lack of a penis and focus their sexual feelings on their father.
Psychosocial Theory - CORRECT ANSWERS Erikson's theory that each stage of
development depends on accomplishing a psychological task in interactions with the social
environment. (15)
Infancy: 0-1 trust vs mistrust
Early Childhood: 1-3 autonomy vs shame and doubt
Play age: 3-6 Initiative vs guilt
School age: 6-12 industry vs inferiority
Adolescence: 12-20 identity vs confusion
Young adulthood: 20-30 Intimacy vs avoidance
Adulthood: 30-65 generativity vs stagnation
,Mature age: 65+ Integrity vs despair (14)
Freud Developmental stages - CORRECT ANSWERS Oral: 0-1 Focus on eating and taking
things into the mouth
Anal: 1-3 Emphasis on toilet training; first experiences with discipline and authority
Phallic: 3-6 Increases in sexual urges arouses curiosity and alerts children to gender differences'
period critical to formation of gender identity.
Latency: 6-12 Sexual urges repressed; emphasis on education and the beginnings of concern for
others.
Genital: With puberty, sexual desires reemerge and adolescents and adults express these urges
in romantic relationships with peers, possibility for reproduction. (14)
Classical Conditioning (Pavlovs's law) later (Watson) - CORRECT ANSWERS A type of
learning in which a new stimulus is repeatedly presented with a familiar stimulus until an
individual learns to respond to the new stimulus in the same way as the familiar stimulus. (17)
Operant Conditioning (Skinner) - CORRECT ANSWERS A type of learning that depends on
the consequences of behavior rewards increase the likelihood that a behavior will recur, but
punishment decreases the likelihood. (17)
Child potty's, and mother gives praise. Child repeats behavior.
Drive reduction theory (Clark Hull) - CORRECT ANSWERS A version of learning theory
suggesting that the association of stimulus and response in classical and operant conditioning
, results in learning only if it is accompanied by reduction of basic primary drives such as hunger
and thirst. (17)
fused with Fredu's focus on the feeding situation as a critical context for the development of
social relationships. (17)
Exp: breastfeeding reduces infants hunger.
Desensitization (Patterson) - CORRECT ANSWERS Classical conditioning therapy used to
overcome phobias and fear through exposure to increasingly intense version of the feared
stimulus. (18)
Cognitive Social Learning Theory - CORRECT ANSWERS A theory that stresses the
importance of observation and imitation in the acquisition of new behaviors, with learning
mediated by cognitive processes. (18).
Reciprocal Determination Modeling (Bandura) - CORRECT ANSWERS Children learn from
modeling in the real world. Children's actions produce a response by other people. (18)
Social information processing theory - CORRECT ANSWERS An explanation of a person's
social behavior in terms of his or her assessment and evaluation of the social situation as a
guide in deciding on a course of social action. (21)
Figure on pg. 22
EXP:
involves steps:
assessing another child's intentions
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Maturation - CORRECT ANSWERS A biologically determined process of growth that
unfolds over a period. (3)
Transactional - CORRECT ANSWERS Ongoing interchanges between social partners such as
a parent and child across time that results in modifications of the social behavior of each. (5)
Social Dyad - CORRECT ANSWERS A pair of social partners, such as friends, parent and
child or marital partners (5)
Multifinality - CORRECT ANSWERS The divergence of developmental path in which two
individuals start out similarly but end very different points. (11)
Equifinality - CORRECT ANSWERS The convergence of developmental paths in which
chidlren follow very different paths to reach the same developmental end point. (11).
Psychodynamic - CORRECT ANSWERS Freud's theory that development is determined by
innate biologically based drives shaped by encounters with the environment in early childhood.
(13)
ID - CORRECT ANSWERS In Freud's theory, instinctual dries that operate on the basis of
the pleasure principle (13)
Ego - CORRECT ANSWERS In Freud's theory, the rational component of the personality,
which tries to satisfy needs through appropriate, socially acceptable behaviors. (13)
,Superego - CORRECT ANSWERS In Freud's theory, the personality component that is the
repository of the child's internalization of parental or societal values, morals, and roles. (13)
Oedipus Complex - CORRECT ANSWERS Freud's theory that boys become attracted to
their mother and jealous of their fathers. (14)
Electra complex - CORRECT ANSWERS According to Freud, girls blame their mother for
their lack of a penis and focus their sexual feelings on their father.
Psychosocial Theory - CORRECT ANSWERS Erikson's theory that each stage of
development depends on accomplishing a psychological task in interactions with the social
environment. (15)
Infancy: 0-1 trust vs mistrust
Early Childhood: 1-3 autonomy vs shame and doubt
Play age: 3-6 Initiative vs guilt
School age: 6-12 industry vs inferiority
Adolescence: 12-20 identity vs confusion
Young adulthood: 20-30 Intimacy vs avoidance
Adulthood: 30-65 generativity vs stagnation
,Mature age: 65+ Integrity vs despair (14)
Freud Developmental stages - CORRECT ANSWERS Oral: 0-1 Focus on eating and taking
things into the mouth
Anal: 1-3 Emphasis on toilet training; first experiences with discipline and authority
Phallic: 3-6 Increases in sexual urges arouses curiosity and alerts children to gender differences'
period critical to formation of gender identity.
Latency: 6-12 Sexual urges repressed; emphasis on education and the beginnings of concern for
others.
Genital: With puberty, sexual desires reemerge and adolescents and adults express these urges
in romantic relationships with peers, possibility for reproduction. (14)
Classical Conditioning (Pavlovs's law) later (Watson) - CORRECT ANSWERS A type of
learning in which a new stimulus is repeatedly presented with a familiar stimulus until an
individual learns to respond to the new stimulus in the same way as the familiar stimulus. (17)
Operant Conditioning (Skinner) - CORRECT ANSWERS A type of learning that depends on
the consequences of behavior rewards increase the likelihood that a behavior will recur, but
punishment decreases the likelihood. (17)
Child potty's, and mother gives praise. Child repeats behavior.
Drive reduction theory (Clark Hull) - CORRECT ANSWERS A version of learning theory
suggesting that the association of stimulus and response in classical and operant conditioning
, results in learning only if it is accompanied by reduction of basic primary drives such as hunger
and thirst. (17)
fused with Fredu's focus on the feeding situation as a critical context for the development of
social relationships. (17)
Exp: breastfeeding reduces infants hunger.
Desensitization (Patterson) - CORRECT ANSWERS Classical conditioning therapy used to
overcome phobias and fear through exposure to increasingly intense version of the feared
stimulus. (18)
Cognitive Social Learning Theory - CORRECT ANSWERS A theory that stresses the
importance of observation and imitation in the acquisition of new behaviors, with learning
mediated by cognitive processes. (18).
Reciprocal Determination Modeling (Bandura) - CORRECT ANSWERS Children learn from
modeling in the real world. Children's actions produce a response by other people. (18)
Social information processing theory - CORRECT ANSWERS An explanation of a person's
social behavior in terms of his or her assessment and evaluation of the social situation as a
guide in deciding on a course of social action. (21)
Figure on pg. 22
EXP:
involves steps:
assessing another child's intentions
