HLTH 331 - Midterm #1 Exam Questions with Verified Solutions Latest Update 2025/2026
what is nutrition - Answers the science of foods and the nutrients they contain
macronutrients (energy-yielding) - Answers carbs, fats and proteins
micronutrients - Answers vitamins and minerals
organic - Answers carbs, fats, proteins and vitamins
inorganic - Answers minerals and water
amount of energy (kcal) in carbs - Answers 4
amount of energy (kcal) in protein - Answers 4
amount of energy (kcal) in fat - Answers 9
estimated average requirement (EAR) - Answers the amount that will offset deficiency in half
the population
recommended daily allowances (RDA) - Answers the amount that will prevent deficiency in
~98% of the population **not about optimal health** - only about preventing deficiencies!!
adequate intakes (AI) - Answers the amount decided when there is insufficient data to generate
an RDA
upper tolerable limit - Answers the amount beyond which a nutrient may become toxic
energy in - Answers food and drink that contains energy
energy out - Answers basal metabolic rate: 65%
non-exercise activity thermogenesis: 20%
exercise activity thermogenesis: 10%
thermic effect of feeding: 5%
energy OUT: Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) - Answers the amount of energy needed to maintain
the metabolic processes at rest
how does canada define obesity - Answers a progressive chronic disease characterized by
, abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that impairs health
how do we measure obesity on the rise - Answers BMI - body mass index
WC (waist circumference) used alongside BMI to assess risk of obesity related complications
limitations of BMI - Answers does not take into account body composition
hard to interpret across different ethnic groups or those loosing muscle mass (ex: elderly)
SAT representation - Answers subcutaneous adipose tissue - less than 80% of total body fat
energy storage
VAT representation - Answers represents 5-20% of total body
protects organs
details of SAT - Answers energy is stored as triglycerides and released as free fatty acids
key deposits of SAT - Answers abdominal
gluetal
femoral
details of VAT - Answers surround vital organs inside of abdominal cavity
key deposits of VAT - Answers omental
mesenteric
conventional model of obesity - Answers overeating -> increased energy intake -> decrease
energy expenditure -> physical inactivity -> increased energy intake and decreased energy
expenditure lead to increased circulating metabolic fuels -> increase fat storage
carbohydrate insulin model - Answers hunger -> leads to increased energy intake -> decreased
energy expenditure -> both lead to increased circulating metabolic fuels -> leads to increased fat
storage
what is nutrition - Answers the science of foods and the nutrients they contain
macronutrients (energy-yielding) - Answers carbs, fats and proteins
micronutrients - Answers vitamins and minerals
organic - Answers carbs, fats, proteins and vitamins
inorganic - Answers minerals and water
amount of energy (kcal) in carbs - Answers 4
amount of energy (kcal) in protein - Answers 4
amount of energy (kcal) in fat - Answers 9
estimated average requirement (EAR) - Answers the amount that will offset deficiency in half
the population
recommended daily allowances (RDA) - Answers the amount that will prevent deficiency in
~98% of the population **not about optimal health** - only about preventing deficiencies!!
adequate intakes (AI) - Answers the amount decided when there is insufficient data to generate
an RDA
upper tolerable limit - Answers the amount beyond which a nutrient may become toxic
energy in - Answers food and drink that contains energy
energy out - Answers basal metabolic rate: 65%
non-exercise activity thermogenesis: 20%
exercise activity thermogenesis: 10%
thermic effect of feeding: 5%
energy OUT: Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) - Answers the amount of energy needed to maintain
the metabolic processes at rest
how does canada define obesity - Answers a progressive chronic disease characterized by
, abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that impairs health
how do we measure obesity on the rise - Answers BMI - body mass index
WC (waist circumference) used alongside BMI to assess risk of obesity related complications
limitations of BMI - Answers does not take into account body composition
hard to interpret across different ethnic groups or those loosing muscle mass (ex: elderly)
SAT representation - Answers subcutaneous adipose tissue - less than 80% of total body fat
energy storage
VAT representation - Answers represents 5-20% of total body
protects organs
details of SAT - Answers energy is stored as triglycerides and released as free fatty acids
key deposits of SAT - Answers abdominal
gluetal
femoral
details of VAT - Answers surround vital organs inside of abdominal cavity
key deposits of VAT - Answers omental
mesenteric
conventional model of obesity - Answers overeating -> increased energy intake -> decrease
energy expenditure -> physical inactivity -> increased energy intake and decreased energy
expenditure lead to increased circulating metabolic fuels -> increase fat storage
carbohydrate insulin model - Answers hunger -> leads to increased energy intake -> decreased
energy expenditure -> both lead to increased circulating metabolic fuels -> leads to increased fat
storage
