NR222/ NR 222 Exam 2: (Latest 2025/ 2026 Update) Health and Wellness
Review| Questions and Answers| Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Solutions) –
Chamberlain
Question 1
Which model of health views the patient as the ultimate primary authority in determining health,
thereby encouraging the client's active role in their healthcare decisions?
A) Basic Human Needs Model (Maslow)
B) Clinical Model
C) Health Promotion Model (Pender)
D) Agent-Host-Environment Model
E) Holistic Health Model
Correct Answer: E) Holistic Health Model
Rationale: The Holistic Health Model focuses on the interconnectedness of mind, body, and
spirit, recognizing the patient's internal and external environment. It emphasizes the
client's role in the healing process and encourages clients to actively participate in their
own health decisions, aligning with the concept of patient-centered care and self-authority
in health choices.
Question 2
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is best defined as:
A) The absence of disease and infirmity.
B) A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of
disease.
C) The capacity of a person to fulfill their social roles and obligations.
D) A highly individualized and relative state that is dependent on the individual's perception.
E) An internal and external balance of physiological and spiritual energy.
Correct Answer: B) A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not
merely the absence of disease.
Rationale: The WHO definition of health is the most comprehensive, encompassing
physical, mental, and social dimensions, and explicitly moving beyond the narrow
definition of health as simply the absence of illness (A).
Question 3
A patient who has been adhering to a walking program for six months and intends to continue it
indefinitely is in which stage of the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)?
A) Preparation
B) Action
C) Maintenance
D) Contemplation
E) Termination
, 2
Correct Answer: C) Maintenance
Rationale: The Maintenance stage begins after six months of consistent adherence to the
new behavior change. The key characteristic is the commitment to sustain the new behavior
and integrate it into one's lifestyle, preventing relapse.
Question 4
A nurse is teaching a community group about the impact of the social determinants of health.
Which factor is the best example of a social determinant that influences individual health
outcomes?
A) Genetic predisposition to heart disease.
B) Availability of clean water and safe housing in the community.
C) A personal history of smoking.
D) An individual's current Body Mass Index (BMI).
E) Access to a personal primary care physician.
Correct Answer: B) Availability of clean water and safe housing in the community.
Rationale: Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) are the conditions in the environment
where people are born, live, learn, work, and age. These non-medical factors, such as
socioeconomic status, neighborhood/physical environment (safe housing/water), and access
to resources, significantly influence health outcomes. Access to a primary care physician (E)
is a healthcare access determinant, but B is a broader social determinant.
Question 5
Which of the following describes the level of wellness where an individual's chronic disease is
managed effectively, and they maintain optimal functional ability and quality of life despite the
presence of the illness?
A) High-Level Wellness
B) Health Promotion
C) Optimal Health
D) Self-Actualization
E) Illness Management
Correct Answer: A) High-Level Wellness
Rationale: High-Level Wellness, as defined by Dunn, is an integrated method of functioning
which is oriented toward maximizing the potential of which the individual is capable. It
explicitly recognizes that an individual can achieve a high level of wellness and life
satisfaction even with a chronic disease or disability, provided the condition is effectively
managed.
Question 6
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, a patient with a complicated wound infection who
also expresses loneliness due to the inability to socialize is experiencing a conflict between
, 3
which two levels of needs?
A) Love and Belonging Needs and Safety and Security Needs
B) Physiological Needs and Love and Belonging Needs
C) Self-Actualization Needs and Esteem Needs
D) Safety and Security Needs and Physiological Needs
E) Esteem Needs and Love and Belonging Needs
Correct Answer: B) Physiological Needs and Love and Belonging Needs
Rationale: The wound infection represents a threat to bodily function and life, placing it at
the base of the pyramid under Physiological Needs (which must be met first). Loneliness
and the inability to socialize fall under Love and Belonging Needs. The nurse must first
address the immediate physiological threat (infection) before the patient can focus on the
next level of needs.
Question 7
The primary motivation for an individual in the Health Belief Model (HBM) to take action is
driven by their perception of:
A) Self-efficacy in performing the health action.
B) The severity of the disease and their susceptibility to it.
C) The net benefit of the health behavior compared to the barriers.
D) Cues to action that prompt the behavior.
E) All of the above.
Correct Answer: E) All of the above.
Rationale: The Health Belief Model posits that an individual's decision to act is driven by
the interaction of several factors: perceived susceptibility and severity (the threat),
perceived benefits and barriers (the evaluation of the action), and cues to action (triggers).
Self-efficacy (A) was added later but is now considered a key construct. Therefore, all
factors play a role in motivating action.
Question 8
A patient states, "My doctor told me to start exercising, but I don't think I can find the time to go
to the gym, and it's too expensive anyway." This statement demonstrates a major focus on which
construct of the Health Belief Model?
A) Perceived Susceptibility
B) Perceived Severity
C) Perceived Benefits
D) Perceived Barriers
E) Cues to Action
Correct Answer: D) Perceived Barriers
Rationale: Perceived Barriers are the individual's view of the obstacles to performing the
, 4
health behavior (e.g., cost, time, pain, inconvenience). The patient is focusing on the
difficulty and cost ("can't find the time," "too expensive"), which are barriers that prevent
the action.
Question 9
In the Agent-Host-Environment Model (Leavell and Clark), which factor would an
individual's current immunity level to a disease represent?
A) The Agent
B) The Host
C) The Environment
D) The Vector
E) The External Stimulus
Correct Answer: B) The Host
Rationale: The Host is the individual (or population) who is susceptible to the disease. Host
factors include age, sex, lifestyle, race, and, importantly, the individual's level of resistance
or immunity to the disease. The Agent (A) is the factor causing the disease (e.g., bacteria),
and the Environment (C) is the external setting.
Question 10
A nurse is preparing to provide education to a client who recently quit smoking. The client is
currently one month into their smoke-free life. According to the Transtheoretical Model, the
nurse should focus on which primary goal?
A) Helping the client explore the pros and cons of smoking.
B) Developing a detailed action plan for quitting.
C) Reinforcing the client's success and managing withdrawal symptoms.
D) Convincing the client that smoking is dangerous.
E) Identifying strategies to prevent relapse in the future.
Correct Answer: C) Reinforcing the client's success and managing withdrawal symptoms.
Rationale: At one month, the client is in the Action stage (since the new behavior has been
adopted for less than six months). The primary goal for the Action stage is to provide
support, reinforcement, and symptom management (like withdrawal) to ensure successful
continuation of the new behavior.
Question 11
The primary difference between the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Health Promotion
Model (HPM) is that the HPM focuses on:
A) Predicting disease occurrence.
B) Identifying risk factors for illness.
C) Achieving a higher level of well-being.
Review| Questions and Answers| Grade A| 100% Correct (Verified Solutions) –
Chamberlain
Question 1
Which model of health views the patient as the ultimate primary authority in determining health,
thereby encouraging the client's active role in their healthcare decisions?
A) Basic Human Needs Model (Maslow)
B) Clinical Model
C) Health Promotion Model (Pender)
D) Agent-Host-Environment Model
E) Holistic Health Model
Correct Answer: E) Holistic Health Model
Rationale: The Holistic Health Model focuses on the interconnectedness of mind, body, and
spirit, recognizing the patient's internal and external environment. It emphasizes the
client's role in the healing process and encourages clients to actively participate in their
own health decisions, aligning with the concept of patient-centered care and self-authority
in health choices.
Question 2
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is best defined as:
A) The absence of disease and infirmity.
B) A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of
disease.
C) The capacity of a person to fulfill their social roles and obligations.
D) A highly individualized and relative state that is dependent on the individual's perception.
E) An internal and external balance of physiological and spiritual energy.
Correct Answer: B) A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not
merely the absence of disease.
Rationale: The WHO definition of health is the most comprehensive, encompassing
physical, mental, and social dimensions, and explicitly moving beyond the narrow
definition of health as simply the absence of illness (A).
Question 3
A patient who has been adhering to a walking program for six months and intends to continue it
indefinitely is in which stage of the Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)?
A) Preparation
B) Action
C) Maintenance
D) Contemplation
E) Termination
, 2
Correct Answer: C) Maintenance
Rationale: The Maintenance stage begins after six months of consistent adherence to the
new behavior change. The key characteristic is the commitment to sustain the new behavior
and integrate it into one's lifestyle, preventing relapse.
Question 4
A nurse is teaching a community group about the impact of the social determinants of health.
Which factor is the best example of a social determinant that influences individual health
outcomes?
A) Genetic predisposition to heart disease.
B) Availability of clean water and safe housing in the community.
C) A personal history of smoking.
D) An individual's current Body Mass Index (BMI).
E) Access to a personal primary care physician.
Correct Answer: B) Availability of clean water and safe housing in the community.
Rationale: Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) are the conditions in the environment
where people are born, live, learn, work, and age. These non-medical factors, such as
socioeconomic status, neighborhood/physical environment (safe housing/water), and access
to resources, significantly influence health outcomes. Access to a primary care physician (E)
is a healthcare access determinant, but B is a broader social determinant.
Question 5
Which of the following describes the level of wellness where an individual's chronic disease is
managed effectively, and they maintain optimal functional ability and quality of life despite the
presence of the illness?
A) High-Level Wellness
B) Health Promotion
C) Optimal Health
D) Self-Actualization
E) Illness Management
Correct Answer: A) High-Level Wellness
Rationale: High-Level Wellness, as defined by Dunn, is an integrated method of functioning
which is oriented toward maximizing the potential of which the individual is capable. It
explicitly recognizes that an individual can achieve a high level of wellness and life
satisfaction even with a chronic disease or disability, provided the condition is effectively
managed.
Question 6
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, a patient with a complicated wound infection who
also expresses loneliness due to the inability to socialize is experiencing a conflict between
, 3
which two levels of needs?
A) Love and Belonging Needs and Safety and Security Needs
B) Physiological Needs and Love and Belonging Needs
C) Self-Actualization Needs and Esteem Needs
D) Safety and Security Needs and Physiological Needs
E) Esteem Needs and Love and Belonging Needs
Correct Answer: B) Physiological Needs and Love and Belonging Needs
Rationale: The wound infection represents a threat to bodily function and life, placing it at
the base of the pyramid under Physiological Needs (which must be met first). Loneliness
and the inability to socialize fall under Love and Belonging Needs. The nurse must first
address the immediate physiological threat (infection) before the patient can focus on the
next level of needs.
Question 7
The primary motivation for an individual in the Health Belief Model (HBM) to take action is
driven by their perception of:
A) Self-efficacy in performing the health action.
B) The severity of the disease and their susceptibility to it.
C) The net benefit of the health behavior compared to the barriers.
D) Cues to action that prompt the behavior.
E) All of the above.
Correct Answer: E) All of the above.
Rationale: The Health Belief Model posits that an individual's decision to act is driven by
the interaction of several factors: perceived susceptibility and severity (the threat),
perceived benefits and barriers (the evaluation of the action), and cues to action (triggers).
Self-efficacy (A) was added later but is now considered a key construct. Therefore, all
factors play a role in motivating action.
Question 8
A patient states, "My doctor told me to start exercising, but I don't think I can find the time to go
to the gym, and it's too expensive anyway." This statement demonstrates a major focus on which
construct of the Health Belief Model?
A) Perceived Susceptibility
B) Perceived Severity
C) Perceived Benefits
D) Perceived Barriers
E) Cues to Action
Correct Answer: D) Perceived Barriers
Rationale: Perceived Barriers are the individual's view of the obstacles to performing the
, 4
health behavior (e.g., cost, time, pain, inconvenience). The patient is focusing on the
difficulty and cost ("can't find the time," "too expensive"), which are barriers that prevent
the action.
Question 9
In the Agent-Host-Environment Model (Leavell and Clark), which factor would an
individual's current immunity level to a disease represent?
A) The Agent
B) The Host
C) The Environment
D) The Vector
E) The External Stimulus
Correct Answer: B) The Host
Rationale: The Host is the individual (or population) who is susceptible to the disease. Host
factors include age, sex, lifestyle, race, and, importantly, the individual's level of resistance
or immunity to the disease. The Agent (A) is the factor causing the disease (e.g., bacteria),
and the Environment (C) is the external setting.
Question 10
A nurse is preparing to provide education to a client who recently quit smoking. The client is
currently one month into their smoke-free life. According to the Transtheoretical Model, the
nurse should focus on which primary goal?
A) Helping the client explore the pros and cons of smoking.
B) Developing a detailed action plan for quitting.
C) Reinforcing the client's success and managing withdrawal symptoms.
D) Convincing the client that smoking is dangerous.
E) Identifying strategies to prevent relapse in the future.
Correct Answer: C) Reinforcing the client's success and managing withdrawal symptoms.
Rationale: At one month, the client is in the Action stage (since the new behavior has been
adopted for less than six months). The primary goal for the Action stage is to provide
support, reinforcement, and symptom management (like withdrawal) to ensure successful
continuation of the new behavior.
Question 11
The primary difference between the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Health Promotion
Model (HPM) is that the HPM focuses on:
A) Predicting disease occurrence.
B) Identifying risk factors for illness.
C) Achieving a higher level of well-being.
