BIOS 251 Exam 2 Review 2025 | Human Anatomy & Physiology I Complete Study Guide (REAL EXAM

BIOS 251 Exam 2 Review 2025 | Human Anatomy & Physiology I Complete Study Guide (REAL EXAM Sheets of tightly packed cells that covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands - ANSWER -Epithelial Tissue - Single layer of flattened cells - Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances - Secretes serous fluid - Locations: alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa - ANSWER -Simple Squamous Epithelium - Single layer of square or round cells - Responsible for Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement - Locations: liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubules - ANSWER -Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - Single row of tall, narrow cells - Oval nuclei in basal half of cell - Brush border of microvilli, ciliated in some organs, may possess goblet cells - Absorption and secretion; secretion of mucus - Locations: lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes - ANSWER Simple Columnar Epithelium - Looks multilayered, but all cells touch basement membrane - Nuclei at several layers - Has cilia and goblet cells - Secretes and propels mucus - Locations: respiratory tract and portions of male urethra - ANSWER Pseudostratified Epithelium - Multiple cell layers; cells become flat and scaly toward surface - Resists abrasion; retards water loss through skin; resists penetration by pathogenic organisms - Locations: epidermis; palms and soles heavily keratinized - ANSWER Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium - Same as keratinized epithelium without surface layer of dead cells - Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens - Locations: tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina - ANSWER -Non keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium - Two or more cell layers; surface cells square or round - Secretes sweat; produces sperm, produces ovarian hormones - Locations: sweat gland ducts; ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules - ANSWER -Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium - Column-shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. - Found in the conjunctiva, pharynx, anus, and male urethra. - ANSWER Stratified Columnar Epithelium - Multilayered epithelium with surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched - Allows for filling of urinary tract - Locations: ureter and bladder - ANSWER -Urothelium (Transitional) A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts - ANSWER -Connective Tissue - Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels - Underlies epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels - ANSWER -Areolar Connective Tissue - Empty-looking cells with thin margins; nucleus pressed against cell membrane•Energy storage, insulation, cushioning - Subcutaneous fat and organ packing - Brown fat of juveniles produces heat - ANSWER -Adipose Connective Tissue - Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers•Compressed fibroblast nuclei - Elastic tissue forms wavy sheets in some locations - Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together - ANSWER Dense Regular Connective Tissue - Densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible cells - Withstands unpredictable stresses - Locations: deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs - ANSWER -Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Flexible fibrous proteins that give connective tissue tensile strength - ANSWER Collagen Fiber Fibrous protein within connective tissue that contains a high percentage of the protein elastin that allows the fibers to stretch and return to original size - ANSWER -Elastic Fiber Fibers made of collagen fibers that are very thin and branched. Forma tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues. - ANSWER -Reticular Fibers A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body. - ANSWER -Nervous Tissue Tissue made of cells capable of contracting/shortening; making body parts move. - ANSWER -Muscle Tissue Voluntary, striated, multi-nucleated - ANSWER -Skeletal Muscle Tissue - Has striations - Usually has a single nucleus - Joined to another muscle cell at an intercalated disc - Involuntary - Found only in the heart - ANSWER -Cardiac Muscle - Lacks striations - Spindle-shaped cells - Single nucleus - Involuntary—no conscious control - Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs - ANSWER -Smooth Muscle - The chemical substances located between connective tissue cells - Composed of fibrous proteins and a clear gel called ground substance - ANSWER -Extracellular Matrix What membrane reduces friction between organs?