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1. Gut microflora Metabolic activities salvaging energy and nutrients, trophic effects on intesti-
nal cells, and protection from pathogens.
2. Colonic microflora Ferments dietary residue, synthesizes vitamin K, and absorbs calcium, mag-
nesium, and iron.
3. Vitamin K Synthesized by colonic flora, crucial for clotting.
4. Celiac disease Requires gluten-free diet, avoiding wheat, barley, and rye.
5. NSAIDs Medications impacting gastric mucosa, increasing GI bleeding risk.
6. Bilirubin elimination Excreted in urine and stool.
7. Bile production Produced by the liver, stored in gallbladder, aids in fat emulsification.
8. Bile function Bile salts emulsify fats, transport fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins.
9. Hepatitis A Transmitted fecal-orally.
10. Hepatitis B Transmitted via blood, serum, oral, or sexual contact.
11. Hepatitis C Transmitted via blood, bodily secretions, common in IV drug use.
12. Diagnostic labs for Include CMP, electrolytes, albumin, prealbumin, and physical exam.
malnutrition
13. Adipose tissue Endocrine organ secreting adipokines like leptin for appetite control.
14. Leptin Hormone signaling sufficient calorie storage to the brain.
15. Hypothalamic hor- Released by pituitary glands, impacting various bodily functions.
mones
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