MULTICULTURAL EXAM 1 REVIEW (Ch 1-4) Prep Questions With Correct Detailed Answers.

Multicultural Psychology - correct answers Multicultural psychology is the systematic study of behavior, cognitions, and affect in settings where people of different backgrounds interact. Culture - correct answers The values, beliefs, and practices of a group of people, shared through symbols, and passed down from generation to generation. Biological concept of race - correct answers he perspective that a race is a group of people who share a specific combination of physical, genetically inherited characteristics that distinguish them from other groups. Sociocultural concept of race - correct answers the perspective that characteristics, values, and behaviors that have been associated with groups of people who share different physical characteristics serve the social purpose of providing a way for outsiders to view another group and for members of a group to perceive themselves. Ethnicity - correct answers A combination of race and culture. Intersectionality - correct answers The meaningful ways in which various social statuses (e.g., race, gender, social class) interact and result in differing experiences with oppression and privilege. Culture Contact - correct answers Critical incidents in which people from different cultures come into social contact with one another either (a) by living and working with one another on a daily basis, or (b) through visiting other countries on a temporary basis, such as for business, tourism, or study. Cross-Cultural Psychology - correct answers The study of comparisons across cultures or countries, as opposed to comparisons of groups within one society. Tolerance - correct answers a fair, open, and objective attitude toward people and ideas that differ from yours. Respect - correct answers to value, appreciate, and show regard or consideration for differences. Inclusion - correct answersactive efforts to reverse the historical exclusion of certain groups in society. Sensitivity - correct answersawareness that cultural differences exist and taking these differences into account in our interactions. Equity - correct answersequal access to opportunities and resources; this includes providing extra assistance to those who have historically not been given equal access. Empowerment - correct answershelping members of marginalized and mistreated groups stand up for their rights Social Justice - correct answersefforts aimed at providing equal distribution of rights, privileges, opportunities, and resources within a society. Social Change - correct answerswidespread change in the institutions, behaviors, and relationships within a society. Equality - correct answersassumes that everyone is equal, such as everyone's vote in an election counts the same as everyone else's vote. Equity - correct answersrecognizes differences and injustices and helps to provide remedies for these injustices, such as by recognizing the extra difficulties encountered by students from poor backgrounds and providing scholarships for them. Implications of Multiculturalism - correct answers- All behavior occurs in and is impacted by a cultural context - Until recently, this fact has virtually been ignored by the field. - Once we understand the nature and contribution of culture, this understanding will dramatically alter and expand the way we study and understand human behavior, cognition, and affect The Biopsychosocial Model - correct answersBiological > Cognitive Affective > Social-Interpersonal > Social Institutional > Cultural Basic Assumptions of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT) Theory - correct answersProposition 1 - MCT is a meta-theory of counseling and psychotherapy. Proposition 2 - Both counselor and client are formed and embedded in multiple levels of experiences and contexts, which influence the therapy process. Proposition 3 - Development of cultural identity is a major determinant of counselor and client attitudes toward all within and without one's cultural group. Proposition 4 - The effectiveness of MCT theory is most likely enhanced when the counselor uses modalities and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of the client. Proposition 5 - MCT theory stresses the importance of multiple helping roles developed by many culturally different groups and societies. Proposition 6 - The liberation of consciousness is a basic goal of MCT theory. This emphasis results in therapy that not only is ultimately contextual in orientation but also draws on traditional methods of healing from many cultures. The White Standard - correct answersWhites are the standard against which all others are measured. Thus, those who are closer to the White standard are deemed superior to those who are farther away from the standard. Internal validity - correct answerscausal inference. Changes made within an experiment can be attributed to changes in the dependent variable. External validity - correct answersgeneralizability. Changes within an experiment can be generalized to other populations or even people in general. Quantitative approaches - correct answersresearch questions can be meaningfully described by numerical changes. Qualitative approaches - correct answersan alternative to quantitative approaches that assumes that meaningful descriptions of important phenomena are lost through the reduction of numerical characterizations. Functional equivalence - correct answersthe equating of items on a test or a survey functionally as opposed to literally. Conceptual equivalence - correct answersrefers to a term or phrase that is a culturally meaningful equivalent of the term being examined. Linguistic equivalence - correct answersthe translation of a term from one language to another that carries with it similar meaning. Metric equivalence - correct answersnumerical scores that are generally equivalent from one culture to another. Cross-sectional design - correct answersgathers data across different age groups at a single period of time Longitudinal design - correct answersfollows a certain set of individuals over a period of time. Sequential design - correct answersa combination of the cross-sectional and longitudinal designs where researchers collect data on multiple sets of individuals representing different age groups and follow these sets over a period of time. Bias of the user - correct answersa bias in the interpretation of a test when the test user has a particular perspective or bias that may disadvantage a person or group. Bias in the usage - correct answersa bias introduced when a test is used in an inappropriate manner, such as being administered in a language in which the test taker is not fluent. Worldview - correct answersA worldview is a psychological perception of the world that determines how we think, behave, and feel. Etic Perspective - correct answersan attempt to build theories of human behavior by examining commonalities across many cultures. Emic Perspective - correct answersan attempt to derive meaningful concepts within one culture. Imposed Etics - correct answersthe imposition of one culture's worldview on another culture, assuming that one's own worldviews are universal. Idiocentrism - correct answersindividualistic tendencies that reside within an individual. Individualism refers to the society, whereas idiocentrism refers to an individual. Allocentrism - correct answerscollectivistic tendencies that reside within an individual. Collectivism refers to the society, whereas allocentrism refers to an individual. Countercultural individuals - correct answersidiocentric individuals residing in a collectivistic culture, or allocentric individuals residing in an individualistic culture. Guilt - correct answersa prominent negative emotion in individualistic cultures that involves an individual's sense of personal regret for having engaged in a negative behavior. Shame - correct answersa prominent negative emotion in collectivistic cultures that involves an individual's sense of regret for having engaged in a negative behavior that reflects badly upon his or her family and/or upbringing. Losing face/saving face - correct answersloss of face involves being publicly revealed for negative behavior; face saving involves being able to protect one's public persona. Face giving/giving face - correct answersextolling the virtues of another person in public. It would be considered boastful and individualistic if the individual did this himself/herself. Locus of control - correct answersthe focus of control over outcomes of one's life, be it internal or external control. Locus of responsibility - correct answersthe focus of responsibility for one's position in life, be it internal feelings of responsibility or external, societal responsibility. Cooperative Principle - correct answersA psycholinguistic term that assumes that we strive to communicate with one another sincerely and effectively when we engage in a conversation. Maxim of Quality - correct answers a communicative presumption that suggests that we tell each other the truth when we engage in a conversation