PSL300 Final Exam UofT Summer 2025 Questions With
Complete Solutions
Acromealgy Correct Answers Secretion of too much GH in
adulthood, leading to swelling of face and hands
Addison's disease Correct Answers Occurs when the adrenal
glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or
aldosterone, leading to hypotension and hypoglycemia. Caused
by autoimmune disease or infection
Adrenal cortex Correct Answers Outer portion of adrenal gland
containing 3 distinct zones that all produce different steroid
hormones due to different enzymes in each layer. Layers are
zona reticularis, zona glomerulosa, and zona fasciculata
Adrenal gland Correct Answers A pair of endocrine glands that
sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse
the body in times of stress. Contains adrenal medulla and
adrenal cortex (different tissue types and functions)
Adrenal medulla Correct Answers Neuroendocrine tissue,
mainly produces catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine,
dopamine). When activated by sympathetic nervous system, a
neuron from the spinal chord, synapses at adrenal medulla onto
chromaffin cells, which are modified postganglionic
sympathetic neuron, and these release catecholamines
Aldosterone Correct Answers Steroid synthesized in adrenal
cortex to regulate sodium and water homeostasis, leads to
reabsorption of Na+ (leading to water retention) and K+
,secretion in distal tube and collecting duct. Stimulated by high
K+ concentration in blood, and through RAAS pathway.
Inhibited by high ECF osmolarity
Alpha vs Beta receptor response Correct Answers When
epinephrine binds to alpha receptors in blood vessels, it causes
vasoconstriction (through G protein coupled receptor). When it
binds to beta receptors in blood vessels, it causes vasodilation.
Amine hormones Correct Answers Synthesized from a single
amino acid (tryptophan or tyrosine). Tryptophan creates
melatonin that behaves both like peptides or steroids, tryrosine
creates catecholamines (peptide like) and thryroid hormones
(steroid like)
Anabolic Correct Answers A process in which large molecules
are built from small molecules
ANH (Atrial natriuretic peptides) Correct Answers Released
from heart when it senses too much stretching of the heart (aka
too much pressure and volume), dilate blood vessels to decrease
blood volume and increase renal excretion of fluids. Able to
suppress renin, aldosterone, ADH
Anterior pituitary Correct Answers Endocrine tissue that
secretes many hormones, release controlled by hypothalamic
neurohormones through the portal system of capillaries
Ascending limb/Distal tube Correct Answers High osmolarity
to low osmolarity, ions reabsorbed (impermeable to water)
, Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Correct Answers The metabolic
rate of a nongrowing, resting, fasting, nonstressed endotherm.
Bipotential primodium Correct Answers Structure of fetus that
can develop either into male reproductive organs (create
Wolffian duct) if there is a Y chromosome, or into female
organs (create Mullerian duct) if there is no Y chromosome
Body detecting change in homeostasis Correct Answers
Locally: Gap junctions, contact communication, autocrine
receptors and signals (go from one cell to the other)
Long distance: Neural signals or releasing hormones that travel
through the bloodstream to the cell's receptors
Bone growth Correct Answers In utero you have "soft bones" in
which cartilage is not fully ossified and the growth plates on the
ends of the bone are active. In adolescence, bones are fully
ossified and the growth plate slowly closes. As an adult the
growth plates are closed and after about 40 you start losing
bone. Bone grows by extending cartilage ends and then bone
coming to replace cartilage.
Breast milk production Correct Answers Before partuition:
Estrogens and progesterone develop mammary glands but
inhibit milk production.
After partuition: Prolactin released from pituitary gland
(triggered by dopamine) to stimulate epithelial milk- producing
cells, oxytocin stimulates myoepithelial cells (squeeze milk out)
Complete Solutions
Acromealgy Correct Answers Secretion of too much GH in
adulthood, leading to swelling of face and hands
Addison's disease Correct Answers Occurs when the adrenal
glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or
aldosterone, leading to hypotension and hypoglycemia. Caused
by autoimmune disease or infection
Adrenal cortex Correct Answers Outer portion of adrenal gland
containing 3 distinct zones that all produce different steroid
hormones due to different enzymes in each layer. Layers are
zona reticularis, zona glomerulosa, and zona fasciculata
Adrenal gland Correct Answers A pair of endocrine glands that
sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse
the body in times of stress. Contains adrenal medulla and
adrenal cortex (different tissue types and functions)
Adrenal medulla Correct Answers Neuroendocrine tissue,
mainly produces catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine,
dopamine). When activated by sympathetic nervous system, a
neuron from the spinal chord, synapses at adrenal medulla onto
chromaffin cells, which are modified postganglionic
sympathetic neuron, and these release catecholamines
Aldosterone Correct Answers Steroid synthesized in adrenal
cortex to regulate sodium and water homeostasis, leads to
reabsorption of Na+ (leading to water retention) and K+
,secretion in distal tube and collecting duct. Stimulated by high
K+ concentration in blood, and through RAAS pathway.
Inhibited by high ECF osmolarity
Alpha vs Beta receptor response Correct Answers When
epinephrine binds to alpha receptors in blood vessels, it causes
vasoconstriction (through G protein coupled receptor). When it
binds to beta receptors in blood vessels, it causes vasodilation.
Amine hormones Correct Answers Synthesized from a single
amino acid (tryptophan or tyrosine). Tryptophan creates
melatonin that behaves both like peptides or steroids, tryrosine
creates catecholamines (peptide like) and thryroid hormones
(steroid like)
Anabolic Correct Answers A process in which large molecules
are built from small molecules
ANH (Atrial natriuretic peptides) Correct Answers Released
from heart when it senses too much stretching of the heart (aka
too much pressure and volume), dilate blood vessels to decrease
blood volume and increase renal excretion of fluids. Able to
suppress renin, aldosterone, ADH
Anterior pituitary Correct Answers Endocrine tissue that
secretes many hormones, release controlled by hypothalamic
neurohormones through the portal system of capillaries
Ascending limb/Distal tube Correct Answers High osmolarity
to low osmolarity, ions reabsorbed (impermeable to water)
, Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Correct Answers The metabolic
rate of a nongrowing, resting, fasting, nonstressed endotherm.
Bipotential primodium Correct Answers Structure of fetus that
can develop either into male reproductive organs (create
Wolffian duct) if there is a Y chromosome, or into female
organs (create Mullerian duct) if there is no Y chromosome
Body detecting change in homeostasis Correct Answers
Locally: Gap junctions, contact communication, autocrine
receptors and signals (go from one cell to the other)
Long distance: Neural signals or releasing hormones that travel
through the bloodstream to the cell's receptors
Bone growth Correct Answers In utero you have "soft bones" in
which cartilage is not fully ossified and the growth plates on the
ends of the bone are active. In adolescence, bones are fully
ossified and the growth plate slowly closes. As an adult the
growth plates are closed and after about 40 you start losing
bone. Bone grows by extending cartilage ends and then bone
coming to replace cartilage.
Breast milk production Correct Answers Before partuition:
Estrogens and progesterone develop mammary glands but
inhibit milk production.
After partuition: Prolactin released from pituitary gland
(triggered by dopamine) to stimulate epithelial milk- producing
cells, oxytocin stimulates myoepithelial cells (squeeze milk out)
