ACS BIOCHEMISTRY COMPLETE
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
SOLUTIONS||100% GUARANTEED
PASS||ALREADY GRADED
A+||UPDATED 2025/2026
SYLLABUS||<<NEWEST VERSION>>
Step 1 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction - ANSWER ✓ Epinephrine binds to its
specific receptor
Step 2 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction - ANSWER ✓ Hormone complex
causes GDP bound to α-subunit to be replaced by GTP, activating α-subunit
Step 3 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction - ANSWER ✓ Activated α-subunit
separates from ßɣ-complex and moves to adenylyl cyclase, activating it.
Step 4 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction - ANSWER ✓ Adenylyl cyclase
catalyzes the formation of cAMP from ATP
Step 5 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction - ANSWER ✓ cAMP phosphorylates
PKA, activating it
Step 6 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction - ANSWER ✓ Phosphorylated PKA
causes an enzyme cascade causing response to epinephrine
Step 7 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction - ANSWER ✓ cAMP is degraded,
reversing activation of PKA. α-subunit hydrolyzes GTP to GDP and becomes
inactivated.
cAMP - ANSWER ✓ Secondary messenger in GPCR signalling. Formed from
ATP by adenylyl cyclase. Activates PKA (protein kinase A).
, AKAP - ANSWER ✓ Anchoring protein that binds to PKA, GPCR, and adenylyl
cyclase.
GAPs (GTPase activator proteins) - ANSWER ✓ Increase activity of GTPase
activity in α-subunit of GPCR.
ßARK and ßarr - ANSWER ✓ Used in desensitization. ßARK phosphorylates
receptors and ßarr draws receptor into the cell via endocytosis
RTKs (Receptor Tyrosine Kinases) - ANSWER ✓ Have tyrosine kinase activity
that phosphorylates a tyrosine residue in target proteins
INSR (Insulin Receptor Protein) - ANSWER ✓ Form of RTK. Catalytic domains
undergo auto-phosphorylation.
INSR signalling cascade - ANSWER ✓ INSR phosphorlates IRS-1 that causes a
kinase cascade.
INSR cross-talk - ANSWER ✓ INSR causes a kinase cascade that alters gene
expression and phosphorlates ß-adrenergic receptor causing its endocytosis.
NADH - ANSWER ✓
FADH2 - ANSWER ✓ Single-electron transfer
NADPH - ANSWER ✓
FMN - ANSWER ✓ Single electron transfer.
Step 1 of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ Glucose --> Glucose 6-phosphate.
Uses hexokinase enzyme.
ATP --> ADP
Step 2 of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ Glucose 6-phosphate <--> Fructose 6-
phosphate
Uses phosphohexose isomerase enzyme.
, Step 3 of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ Fructose 6-phosphate --> Fructose 1,6-
bisphosphate
Uses PFK-1 (phosphofructokinase-1) enzyme.
ATP --> ADP
First Committed Step of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ Step 3 of Glycolysis.
Fructose 6-Phosphate --> Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. (PFK-1)
Step 4 of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate <-->
dihydroxyacetone + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Uses aldolase enzyme.
Step 5 of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ Dihydroxyacetonephosphate <-->
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Uses triose phosphate isomerase enzyme.
Step 6 of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate + Pi <--> 1,3-
biphosphoglycerate.
Uses G3P dehydrogenase enzyme.
NAD+ <--> NADH
First Energy Yielding Step of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ Step 6 of Glycolysis.
G3P + Pi <--> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
Step 7 of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP <--> 3-
phosphoglycerate + ATP
Uses phosphoglycerate kinase enzyme.
First ATP Yielding Step of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ Step 7 of Glycolysis.
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate <--> 3-phosphoglycerate
Step 8 of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ 3-phosphoglycerate <--> 2-phosphoglycerate
Uses phosphoglycerate mutase enzyme.
Step 9 of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ 2-phosphoglycerate <-->
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Uses enolase enzyme.
Dehydration reaction (loss of water).
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
SOLUTIONS||100% GUARANTEED
PASS||ALREADY GRADED
A+||UPDATED 2025/2026
SYLLABUS||<<NEWEST VERSION>>
Step 1 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction - ANSWER ✓ Epinephrine binds to its
specific receptor
Step 2 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction - ANSWER ✓ Hormone complex
causes GDP bound to α-subunit to be replaced by GTP, activating α-subunit
Step 3 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction - ANSWER ✓ Activated α-subunit
separates from ßɣ-complex and moves to adenylyl cyclase, activating it.
Step 4 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction - ANSWER ✓ Adenylyl cyclase
catalyzes the formation of cAMP from ATP
Step 5 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction - ANSWER ✓ cAMP phosphorylates
PKA, activating it
Step 6 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction - ANSWER ✓ Phosphorylated PKA
causes an enzyme cascade causing response to epinephrine
Step 7 of Epinephrine Signal Transduction - ANSWER ✓ cAMP is degraded,
reversing activation of PKA. α-subunit hydrolyzes GTP to GDP and becomes
inactivated.
cAMP - ANSWER ✓ Secondary messenger in GPCR signalling. Formed from
ATP by adenylyl cyclase. Activates PKA (protein kinase A).
, AKAP - ANSWER ✓ Anchoring protein that binds to PKA, GPCR, and adenylyl
cyclase.
GAPs (GTPase activator proteins) - ANSWER ✓ Increase activity of GTPase
activity in α-subunit of GPCR.
ßARK and ßarr - ANSWER ✓ Used in desensitization. ßARK phosphorylates
receptors and ßarr draws receptor into the cell via endocytosis
RTKs (Receptor Tyrosine Kinases) - ANSWER ✓ Have tyrosine kinase activity
that phosphorylates a tyrosine residue in target proteins
INSR (Insulin Receptor Protein) - ANSWER ✓ Form of RTK. Catalytic domains
undergo auto-phosphorylation.
INSR signalling cascade - ANSWER ✓ INSR phosphorlates IRS-1 that causes a
kinase cascade.
INSR cross-talk - ANSWER ✓ INSR causes a kinase cascade that alters gene
expression and phosphorlates ß-adrenergic receptor causing its endocytosis.
NADH - ANSWER ✓
FADH2 - ANSWER ✓ Single-electron transfer
NADPH - ANSWER ✓
FMN - ANSWER ✓ Single electron transfer.
Step 1 of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ Glucose --> Glucose 6-phosphate.
Uses hexokinase enzyme.
ATP --> ADP
Step 2 of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ Glucose 6-phosphate <--> Fructose 6-
phosphate
Uses phosphohexose isomerase enzyme.
, Step 3 of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ Fructose 6-phosphate --> Fructose 1,6-
bisphosphate
Uses PFK-1 (phosphofructokinase-1) enzyme.
ATP --> ADP
First Committed Step of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ Step 3 of Glycolysis.
Fructose 6-Phosphate --> Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. (PFK-1)
Step 4 of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate <-->
dihydroxyacetone + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Uses aldolase enzyme.
Step 5 of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ Dihydroxyacetonephosphate <-->
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Uses triose phosphate isomerase enzyme.
Step 6 of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate + Pi <--> 1,3-
biphosphoglycerate.
Uses G3P dehydrogenase enzyme.
NAD+ <--> NADH
First Energy Yielding Step of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ Step 6 of Glycolysis.
G3P + Pi <--> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
Step 7 of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP <--> 3-
phosphoglycerate + ATP
Uses phosphoglycerate kinase enzyme.
First ATP Yielding Step of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ Step 7 of Glycolysis.
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate <--> 3-phosphoglycerate
Step 8 of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ 3-phosphoglycerate <--> 2-phosphoglycerate
Uses phosphoglycerate mutase enzyme.
Step 9 of Glycolysis - ANSWER ✓ 2-phosphoglycerate <-->
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
Uses enolase enzyme.
Dehydration reaction (loss of water).
