APHY 201 - Advanced Human Physiology
APHY 201 Exam 2 Latest 2025/2026 Accurate
Fall-Spring Ivy Tech Community College
Graded A
Definition of a Hormone
A chemical secreted directly to the blood that travels to travels to distant target cells and exerts
its effects at low concentrations
Discrete Endocrine Organs
Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroids, Thymus, Pancreas, Adrenals, Ovaries,
Testes
Diffuse Endocrine Cells
Endocrine cells scattered throughout non-endocrine organs that produce hormones (heart,
stomach, small intestine, liver (prohormones), kidneys, skin,adipose tissue)
What do intracellular receptors do to target cells?
Cause protein synthesis
3 regions of the adrenal cortex produce specific steroids:
Zona glomerulosa
Zona faciculata
Zona reticularis
Zona glomerulosa
,APHY 201 - Advanced Human Physiology
(Outer layer) Produces minerocorticoids (mostly aldosterone)
Zona faciculata
(Middle layer) Produces corticosteroids (mostly cortisol)
Zona reticularis
(Inner layer) Produces sex steroids (testosterone, estrogen)
What 2 regions produce hormones?
1) Adrenal Cortex
2) Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Medulla produces...
Catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine)
There are two main synthetic pathways for adrenal steroids from cholesterol
-Cholesterol -> DHEA -> Testosterone -> Estradiol
-Cholesterol -> Progesterone (progesterone may either be synthesized to aldosterone, or
cortisol)
What is the degree of target cell response to a hormone determined by?
The number and type of receptors on the target cell, blood concentration of the hormone
Cells with more receptors, or higher affinity receptors will...
respond at a greater rate than cells with fewer or lower affinity receptors
, APHY 201 - Advanced Human Physiology
What is the blood concentration of the hormone determined by?
The rate of secretion vs. the rate of removal
The rate of secretion by an endocrine cell is directly related to...
the magnitude of the stimulus
The rate of removal of secretion by an endocrine cell is determined by...
-breakdown of a hormone by target cells (removes only a small amount of hormone from the
blood)
-removal by liver or kidneys (main route of loss)
Hormone 1/2 life
The period of time required to remove 1/2 the circulating concentration of hormone from the
blood
Do lipid soluble hormones for water soluble hormones have longer 1/2 lives? Why?
Lipid soluble hormones , because they are carried in the blood on carriers
In order to get a target cell's response to remain consistent for a period of time longer than
its 1/2 life, the hormone must be...
secreted for the entire time a target cell response is desired
Hormone secretion is controlled through three main types of feedback pathways:
1) Humoral feedback
2) Neural feedback
3) Hormonal feedback
APHY 201 Exam 2 Latest 2025/2026 Accurate
Fall-Spring Ivy Tech Community College
Graded A
Definition of a Hormone
A chemical secreted directly to the blood that travels to travels to distant target cells and exerts
its effects at low concentrations
Discrete Endocrine Organs
Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroids, Thymus, Pancreas, Adrenals, Ovaries,
Testes
Diffuse Endocrine Cells
Endocrine cells scattered throughout non-endocrine organs that produce hormones (heart,
stomach, small intestine, liver (prohormones), kidneys, skin,adipose tissue)
What do intracellular receptors do to target cells?
Cause protein synthesis
3 regions of the adrenal cortex produce specific steroids:
Zona glomerulosa
Zona faciculata
Zona reticularis
Zona glomerulosa
,APHY 201 - Advanced Human Physiology
(Outer layer) Produces minerocorticoids (mostly aldosterone)
Zona faciculata
(Middle layer) Produces corticosteroids (mostly cortisol)
Zona reticularis
(Inner layer) Produces sex steroids (testosterone, estrogen)
What 2 regions produce hormones?
1) Adrenal Cortex
2) Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Medulla produces...
Catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine)
There are two main synthetic pathways for adrenal steroids from cholesterol
-Cholesterol -> DHEA -> Testosterone -> Estradiol
-Cholesterol -> Progesterone (progesterone may either be synthesized to aldosterone, or
cortisol)
What is the degree of target cell response to a hormone determined by?
The number and type of receptors on the target cell, blood concentration of the hormone
Cells with more receptors, or higher affinity receptors will...
respond at a greater rate than cells with fewer or lower affinity receptors
, APHY 201 - Advanced Human Physiology
What is the blood concentration of the hormone determined by?
The rate of secretion vs. the rate of removal
The rate of secretion by an endocrine cell is directly related to...
the magnitude of the stimulus
The rate of removal of secretion by an endocrine cell is determined by...
-breakdown of a hormone by target cells (removes only a small amount of hormone from the
blood)
-removal by liver or kidneys (main route of loss)
Hormone 1/2 life
The period of time required to remove 1/2 the circulating concentration of hormone from the
blood
Do lipid soluble hormones for water soluble hormones have longer 1/2 lives? Why?
Lipid soluble hormones , because they are carried in the blood on carriers
In order to get a target cell's response to remain consistent for a period of time longer than
its 1/2 life, the hormone must be...
secreted for the entire time a target cell response is desired
Hormone secretion is controlled through three main types of feedback pathways:
1) Humoral feedback
2) Neural feedback
3) Hormonal feedback
