FSC100 EXAM STUDY GUIDE.
GRADED A+. QUESTIONS AND
100% VERIFIED ANSWERS.
LATEST 2025/2026 UPDATE
What is the definition of evidence in legal proceedings? - Ans✔✔-Any info or
material relied on to prove or disprove a fact or legal argument.
What are the three main types of evidence? - Ans✔✔-Testimonial,
documentary, and real evidence.
What is testimonial evidence? - Ans✔✔-Oral evidence given verbally by a
witness during testimony.
What constitutes documentary evidence? - Ans✔✔-Evidence that consists of a
document of any kind, whether handwritten or mechanically produced.
What is real evidence? - Ans✔✔-Physical evidence that can include biological
evidence, often collected from crime scenes.
,What is the difference between physical and biological evidence? - Ans✔✔-
Physical evidence is non-living (e.g., fingerprints), while biological evidence
originates from a living source (e.g., DNA).
What are class characteristics in evidence? - Ans✔✔-Traits that allow evidence
to be associated with a group rather than a single source.
What are individual characteristics in evidence? - Ans✔✔-Distinct differences
that allow evidence to be associated with a single source with a high degree of
certainty.
What is direct evidence? - Ans✔✔-Evidence that proves or disproves an
important fact based on personal knowledge or observation.
What is indirect or circumstantial evidence? - Ans✔✔-Evidence that requires
logical inference to demonstrate the ultimate fact to be proven.
What is associative evidence? - Ans✔✔-Real evidence that places an individual
directly at the crime scene or in contact with the victim.
What is indicative evidence? - Ans✔✔-Real evidence that suggests that a
certain time has passed, such as the state of decomposition.
What is class evidence? - Ans✔✔-Evidence that requires classification and is
collective in nature, such as blood or hair.
What is latent evidence? - Ans✔✔-Real evidence that is often not visible to the
naked eye.
,What is trace evidence? - Ans✔✔-Very small evidence that must be extracted
from other materials and requires microscopic examination.
What is the importance of real evidence in criminal investigations? - Ans✔✔-It
provides linkages between persons, crime scenes, and objects, and can reveal
modus operandi.
What is serology? - Ans✔✔-The analysis of the properties and effects of body
fluids.
What is DNA? - Ans✔✔-A two-stranded molecule that contains genetic
information, found in the nucleus of cells.
What are the two kinds of DNA? - Ans✔✔-Nuclear DNA, which is unique to
individuals, and mitochondrial DNA, which is transmitted through the maternal
line.
How has DNA evidence revolutionized criminal justice? - Ans✔✔-It can identify
a single person as the donor and eliminate almost all others, linking
perpetrators to multiple offenses.
What is the role of a crime scene investigator (CSI) regarding evidence? -
Ans✔✔-To collect evidence while being familiar with the law and rules of
evidence to ensure admissibility.
What are reasons a trial judge may deem evidence inadmissible? - Ans✔✔-
Irrelevance, unreliability, prejudice, or procedural unfairness.
, What is the purpose of presumptive tests in crime scene investigation? -
Ans✔✔-To determine whether a sample is a certain substance, indicate that it
is not, highlight areas for further investigation, and prioritize areas for
processing.
What must a positive reaction from a presumptive test be subject to? -
Ans✔✔-A confirmatory test.
What are the characteristics of confirmatory tests? - Ans✔✔-They are more
timely, more expensive, and more specific.
What are the guidelines for presumptive testing of blood at a crime scene? -
Ans✔✔-Ensure sufficient samples, never place chemicals on the stain, use
sterile swabs, conduct positive and negative controls, and document
thoroughly.
What is Luminol used for in forensic testing? - Ans✔✔-To detect blood by
reacting to iron in hemoglobin, causing fluorescence.
What are the advantages of using Bluestar over Luminol? - Ans✔✔-Bluestar is
non-toxic, does not require total darkness, has a stronger lasting reaction, and
does not interfere with DNA analysis.
What does a positive result in the Acid Phosphate (AP) Colour Test indicate? -
Ans✔✔-The probable presence of seminal fluid.
GRADED A+. QUESTIONS AND
100% VERIFIED ANSWERS.
LATEST 2025/2026 UPDATE
What is the definition of evidence in legal proceedings? - Ans✔✔-Any info or
material relied on to prove or disprove a fact or legal argument.
What are the three main types of evidence? - Ans✔✔-Testimonial,
documentary, and real evidence.
What is testimonial evidence? - Ans✔✔-Oral evidence given verbally by a
witness during testimony.
What constitutes documentary evidence? - Ans✔✔-Evidence that consists of a
document of any kind, whether handwritten or mechanically produced.
What is real evidence? - Ans✔✔-Physical evidence that can include biological
evidence, often collected from crime scenes.
,What is the difference between physical and biological evidence? - Ans✔✔-
Physical evidence is non-living (e.g., fingerprints), while biological evidence
originates from a living source (e.g., DNA).
What are class characteristics in evidence? - Ans✔✔-Traits that allow evidence
to be associated with a group rather than a single source.
What are individual characteristics in evidence? - Ans✔✔-Distinct differences
that allow evidence to be associated with a single source with a high degree of
certainty.
What is direct evidence? - Ans✔✔-Evidence that proves or disproves an
important fact based on personal knowledge or observation.
What is indirect or circumstantial evidence? - Ans✔✔-Evidence that requires
logical inference to demonstrate the ultimate fact to be proven.
What is associative evidence? - Ans✔✔-Real evidence that places an individual
directly at the crime scene or in contact with the victim.
What is indicative evidence? - Ans✔✔-Real evidence that suggests that a
certain time has passed, such as the state of decomposition.
What is class evidence? - Ans✔✔-Evidence that requires classification and is
collective in nature, such as blood or hair.
What is latent evidence? - Ans✔✔-Real evidence that is often not visible to the
naked eye.
,What is trace evidence? - Ans✔✔-Very small evidence that must be extracted
from other materials and requires microscopic examination.
What is the importance of real evidence in criminal investigations? - Ans✔✔-It
provides linkages between persons, crime scenes, and objects, and can reveal
modus operandi.
What is serology? - Ans✔✔-The analysis of the properties and effects of body
fluids.
What is DNA? - Ans✔✔-A two-stranded molecule that contains genetic
information, found in the nucleus of cells.
What are the two kinds of DNA? - Ans✔✔-Nuclear DNA, which is unique to
individuals, and mitochondrial DNA, which is transmitted through the maternal
line.
How has DNA evidence revolutionized criminal justice? - Ans✔✔-It can identify
a single person as the donor and eliminate almost all others, linking
perpetrators to multiple offenses.
What is the role of a crime scene investigator (CSI) regarding evidence? -
Ans✔✔-To collect evidence while being familiar with the law and rules of
evidence to ensure admissibility.
What are reasons a trial judge may deem evidence inadmissible? - Ans✔✔-
Irrelevance, unreliability, prejudice, or procedural unfairness.
, What is the purpose of presumptive tests in crime scene investigation? -
Ans✔✔-To determine whether a sample is a certain substance, indicate that it
is not, highlight areas for further investigation, and prioritize areas for
processing.
What must a positive reaction from a presumptive test be subject to? -
Ans✔✔-A confirmatory test.
What are the characteristics of confirmatory tests? - Ans✔✔-They are more
timely, more expensive, and more specific.
What are the guidelines for presumptive testing of blood at a crime scene? -
Ans✔✔-Ensure sufficient samples, never place chemicals on the stain, use
sterile swabs, conduct positive and negative controls, and document
thoroughly.
What is Luminol used for in forensic testing? - Ans✔✔-To detect blood by
reacting to iron in hemoglobin, causing fluorescence.
What are the advantages of using Bluestar over Luminol? - Ans✔✔-Bluestar is
non-toxic, does not require total darkness, has a stronger lasting reaction, and
does not interfere with DNA analysis.
What does a positive result in the Acid Phosphate (AP) Colour Test indicate? -
Ans✔✔-The probable presence of seminal fluid.
