NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY UTA EXAM 1
(LATEST UPDATE) REAL QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% CORRECT | ALREADY GRADED
A+
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? Ans✓✓✓Heart disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV
disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid
perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*,
chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
How are free radicals produced? Ans✓✓✓1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
What is the body's defense against ROS? Ans✓✓✓Antioxidants
(Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
action potential Ans✓✓✓Process of conducting an impulse. Activates
the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential Ans✓✓✓Point at which depolarization must reach
in order to initiate an action potential
,Hypokalemia and action potentials Ans✓✓✓HYPERpolarized (more
negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular
excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac
dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials Ans✓✓✓HYPOpolarized (more
positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD =
cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials Ans✓✓✓Increased permeability to
Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia,
seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials Ans✓✓✓Decreased permeability to
Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy,
confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy Ans✓✓✓Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated
for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal
supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have
diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples Ans✓✓✓Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the
thymus gland during childhood.
, Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy Ans✓✓✓Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to
increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased
functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples Ans✓✓✓physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a
kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased
workload in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia Ans✓✓✓Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from
increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of
mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples Ans✓✓✓1. Thickening of skin because of
hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like
uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and
the endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for
endometrial cancer
(LATEST UPDATE) REAL QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS | 100% CORRECT | ALREADY GRADED
A+
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? Ans✓✓✓Heart disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV
disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid
perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*,
chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
How are free radicals produced? Ans✓✓✓1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
What is the body's defense against ROS? Ans✓✓✓Antioxidants
(Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
action potential Ans✓✓✓Process of conducting an impulse. Activates
the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential Ans✓✓✓Point at which depolarization must reach
in order to initiate an action potential
,Hypokalemia and action potentials Ans✓✓✓HYPERpolarized (more
negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular
excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac
dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials Ans✓✓✓HYPOpolarized (more
positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD =
cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
Hypocalcemia and action potentials Ans✓✓✓Increased permeability to
Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia,
seizures, dysrhythmias.
Hypercalcemia and action potentials Ans✓✓✓Decreased permeability to
Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy,
confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
Atrophy Ans✓✓✓Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure,
use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous
stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated
for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal
supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have
diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples Ans✓✓✓Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the
thymus gland during childhood.
, Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Hypertrophy Ans✓✓✓Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to
increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased
functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples Ans✓✓✓physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a
kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased
workload in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia Ans✓✓✓Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from
increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of
mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples Ans✓✓✓1. Thickening of skin because of
hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like
uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and
the endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for
endometrial cancer
