NURS 5315: ADV PATHO EXAM 3 SET 1 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
ALREADY GRADED A+
Cardiac Blood Flow Ans✓✓✓o From body
o Through:
♣ Vena cavas
♣ Right atrium
♣ Tricuspid valve
♣ Right ventricle
♣ Pulmonic valve
♣ Pulmonary artery
o To lungs
♣ Pulmonary vein
♣ Left atrium
♣ Mitral valve
♣ Left ventricle
♣ Aortic valve
o Back to body
Cardiac Anatomy Ans✓✓✓The heart is the size of a closed fist
,2/3 of the heart is to the left of the midline
1/3 under the sternum
heart layers Ans✓✓✓Endocardium ( inner)
myocardium ( middle)
Pericardium ( outer)
Cardiac action potential: phase 0 Ans✓✓✓rapid depolarization
Sodium influx d/t voltage-gated sodium channels opening
Cardiac action potential: phase 1 Ans✓✓✓initial repolarization of cells
voltage gated sodium channels closed
voltage gated potassium channels open
Potassium leaves cell slowly
Cardiac action potential: phase 2 Ans✓✓✓plateau phase
voltage gated calcium channels open
influx of calcium into the cell
balances potassium efflux
calcium influx triggers more calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum >
myocardial contraction
, Cardiac action potential: phase 3 Ans✓✓✓Rapid Repolarization w/
potassium efflux
voltage gated potassium channels open
voltage gated calcium channels close
Cardiac action potential: phase 4 Ans✓✓✓resting membrane potential, -
85 mV
High potassium permeability from the potassium channels
Potassium imbalance affect on myocardial action potentials
Ans✓✓✓Hypokalemia-increased atrial preload leads to 1-3 degree
blocks
Hyperkalemia-slows depolarization, leads to sunus bradycardia and
junctional rhythm
Calcium imbalance affect on myocardial action potentials
Ans✓✓✓Hypocalcemia-decreased contractility
Hypercalcemia-increased contractility>ST and PJCs, vasoconstriction
Magnesium imbalance effect on the Cardiovascular system
Ans✓✓✓Magnesium causes vasodilation
Cardiac Output (CO) Ans✓✓✓Amount of blood pumped in 1 minute
(~5 L)
HR x Stroke volume
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
ALREADY GRADED A+
Cardiac Blood Flow Ans✓✓✓o From body
o Through:
♣ Vena cavas
♣ Right atrium
♣ Tricuspid valve
♣ Right ventricle
♣ Pulmonic valve
♣ Pulmonary artery
o To lungs
♣ Pulmonary vein
♣ Left atrium
♣ Mitral valve
♣ Left ventricle
♣ Aortic valve
o Back to body
Cardiac Anatomy Ans✓✓✓The heart is the size of a closed fist
,2/3 of the heart is to the left of the midline
1/3 under the sternum
heart layers Ans✓✓✓Endocardium ( inner)
myocardium ( middle)
Pericardium ( outer)
Cardiac action potential: phase 0 Ans✓✓✓rapid depolarization
Sodium influx d/t voltage-gated sodium channels opening
Cardiac action potential: phase 1 Ans✓✓✓initial repolarization of cells
voltage gated sodium channels closed
voltage gated potassium channels open
Potassium leaves cell slowly
Cardiac action potential: phase 2 Ans✓✓✓plateau phase
voltage gated calcium channels open
influx of calcium into the cell
balances potassium efflux
calcium influx triggers more calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum >
myocardial contraction
, Cardiac action potential: phase 3 Ans✓✓✓Rapid Repolarization w/
potassium efflux
voltage gated potassium channels open
voltage gated calcium channels close
Cardiac action potential: phase 4 Ans✓✓✓resting membrane potential, -
85 mV
High potassium permeability from the potassium channels
Potassium imbalance affect on myocardial action potentials
Ans✓✓✓Hypokalemia-increased atrial preload leads to 1-3 degree
blocks
Hyperkalemia-slows depolarization, leads to sunus bradycardia and
junctional rhythm
Calcium imbalance affect on myocardial action potentials
Ans✓✓✓Hypocalcemia-decreased contractility
Hypercalcemia-increased contractility>ST and PJCs, vasoconstriction
Magnesium imbalance effect on the Cardiovascular system
Ans✓✓✓Magnesium causes vasodilation
Cardiac Output (CO) Ans✓✓✓Amount of blood pumped in 1 minute
(~5 L)
HR x Stroke volume
